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Prov,Date/Time UTC,Latitude,Longitude,Magnitude,Depth(Km),Location
emsc,2013-04-10 06:32:04, 28.462, 51.748, 3.5, 30.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 06:18:38, 28.501, 51.798, 4.3, 30.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 05:43:12, 28.099, 51.717, 3.6, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 05:17:19, 28.076, 51.752, 3.5, 22.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 04:25:17, 28.448, 51.702, 3.5, 30.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 03:35:54, 28.405, 51.656, 3.8, 29.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 02:58:14, 28.529, 52.036, 3.5, 30.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 02:48:04, 28.318, 52.036, 4.5, 8.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 02:26:59, 28.348, 51.893, 3.8, 26.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 01:58:28, 28.440, 51.745, 5.6, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 01:34:15, 28.134, 51.893, 3.6, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 01:29:36, 36.037, 53.535, 3.6, 10.0, Northern Iran
emsc,2013-04-10 01:00:22, 28.422, 51.714, 4.9, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 23:33:34, 28.521, 51.904, 4.2, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 23:19:22, 28.156, 51.524, 3.8, 8.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 23:12:34, 28.375, 51.684, 3.7, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 22:51:09, 28.493, 51.405, 3.6, 36.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 22:36:12, 28.047, 51.493, 3.7, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 22:23:32, 28.311, 51.453, 3.7, 15.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 22:20:45, 28.445, 51.496, 4.0, 25.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 22:15:34, 28.383, 51.483, 3.7, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 21:53:41, 28.427, 51.687, 4.4, 20.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 21:41:49, 28.459, 51.676, 3.6, 19.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 21:18:23, 28.629, 51.707, 4.1, 2.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 21:01:50, 28.301, 51.422, 4.0, 2.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 20:54:21, 28.423, 51.737, 4.8, 40.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 20:06:53, 28.458, 51.638, 4.6, 17.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 19:51:36, 28.409, 51.531, 3.5, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 19:37:09, 28.307, 51.618, 3.8, 14.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 19:10:33, 28.336, 51.588, 4.4, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 18:59:08, 28.474, 51.631, 4.3, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 18:46:51, 28.468, 51.579, 3.8, 17.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 18:03:25, 28.329, 51.659, 3.9, 12.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 17:27:55, 28.412, 51.709, 3.7, 23.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 17:21:00, 28.526, 51.710, 4.5, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 16:32:33, 28.494, 51.650, 4.5, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 16:27:04, 28.382, 51.509, 3.6, 23.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 16:20:24, 28.492, 51.739, 3.7, 30.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 15:26:18, 28.497, 51.748, 3.6, 34.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 15:17:40, 28.546, 51.518, 3.8, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 15:05:46, 28.224, 51.758, 4.4, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 14:48:24, 28.360, 51.878, 3.9, 12.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 14:44:53, 28.420, 51.622, 4.9, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 14:22:27, 28.435, 51.392, 3.7, 35.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 14:16:53, 28.418, 51.512, 3.6, 33.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 14:00:44, 28.294, 51.597, 3.5, 33.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 13:42:12, 28.903, 51.706, 3.6, 36.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 13:36:37, 28.460, 51.642, 4.0, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 13:30:44, 28.524, 51.656, 4.7, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 13:03:26, 28.530, 51.565, 4.5, 15.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:58:32, 28.411, 51.426, 3.7, 15.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:52:56, 28.487, 51.505, 4.0, 37.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:47:51, 28.522, 51.715, 4.7, 30.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:41:04, 28.386, 51.664, 4.8, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:31:37, 28.400, 51.465, 4.1, 18.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:18:11, 28.510, 51.446, 4.2, 36.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:15:12, 28.401, 51.564, 4.4, 26.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 12:05:39, 28.436, 51.606, 5.4, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 11:52:50, 28.487, 51.582, 6.3, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-09 06:18:58, 28.943, 57.900, 3.7, 10.0, Southern Iran
emsc,2013-04-07 04:34:08, 28.784, 51.736, 4.2, 30.0, Southern Iran
The 2009 Samoa–Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet
Nature 466, 964–968 (19 August 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09214
Received 23 February 2010 Accepted 24 May 2010
Thorne Lay,
Charles J. Ammon,
Hiroo Kanamori,
Luis Rivera,
Keith D. Koper
& Alexander R. Hutko
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
Thorne Lay
Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 440 Deike Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
Charles J. Ammon
Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 252-21, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
Hiroo Kanamori
Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, France
Luis Rivera
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, 3642 Lindell Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
Keith D. Koper
US Geological Survey, NEIC, MS 966 Box 2504, DFC, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA
Alexander R. Hutko
Great earthquakes (having seismic magnitudes of at least 8) usually involve abrupt sliding of rock masses at a boundary between tectonic plates. Such interplate ruptures produce dynamic and static stress changes that can activate nearby intraplate aftershocks, as is commonly observed in the trench-slope region seaward of a great subduction zone thrust event1, 2, 3, 4. The earthquake sequence addressed here involves a rare instance in which a great trench-slope intraplate earthquake triggered extensive interplate faulting, reversing the typical pattern and broadly expanding the seismic and tsunami hazard. On 29 September 2009, within two minutes of the initiation of a normal faulting event with moment magnitude 8.1 in the outer trench-slope at the northern end of the Tonga subduction zone, two major interplate underthrusting subevents (both with moment magnitude 7.8), with total moment equal to a second great earthquake of moment magnitude 8.0, ruptured the nearby subduction zone megathrust. The collective faulting produced tsunami waves with localized regions of about 12 metres run-up that claimed 192 lives in Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga. Overlap of the seismic signals obscured the fact that distinct faults separated by more than 50 km had ruptured with different geometries, with the triggered thrust faulting only being revealed by detailed seismic wave analyses. Extensive interplate and intraplate aftershock activity was activated over a large region of the northern Tonga subduction zone.
2010-08-19 11:56 AM comment #12882
Thorne Lay said:
Subsequent to publication, and motivated by the GPS and tsunami models of the paper by Beavan et al., we further examined the seismic ground motions preceding the arrival of the P waves from the normal faulting event. Stacking F-Net stations in Japan and Transportable Array stations in the USA indicates no visible precursory seismic radiation, and assuming a 200 s time scale, we can bound any precursory seismic radiation to less than a magnitude 6.5 event. Since we account for all of the seismic moment needed to explain the GPS observations with thrust faulting after the normal faulting event, we continue to prefer the notion that the thrust faulting was triggered by shaking from the normal faulting.
Near-simultaneous great earthquakes at Tongan megathrust and outer rise in September 2009
Nature 466, 959–963 (19 August 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09292
Received 21 January 2010 Accepted 21 June 2010
J. Beavan,
X. Wang,
C. Holden,
K. Wilson,
W. Power,
G. Prasetya,
M. Bevis
& R. Kautoke
GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
J. Beavan,
X. Wang,
C. Holden,
K. Wilson,
W. Power &
G. Prasetya
School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
M. Bevis
Ministry of Lands, Survey, Natural Resources and Environment, PO Box 5, Nuku’alofa, Tonga
R. Kautoke
The Earth’s largest earthquakes and tsunamis are usually caused by thrust-faulting earthquakes on the shallow part of the subduction interface between two tectonic plates, where stored elastic energy due to convergence between the plates is rapidly released1, 2. The tsunami that devastated the Samoan and northern Tongan islands on 29 September 2009 was preceded by a globally recorded magnitude-8 normal-faulting earthquake in the outer-rise region, where the Pacific plate bends before entering the subduction zone. Preliminary interpretation suggested that this earthquake was the source of the tsunami3. Here we show that the outer-rise earthquake was accompanied by a nearly simultaneous rupture of the shallow subduction interface, equivalent to a magnitude-8 earthquake, that also contributed significantly to the tsunami. The subduction interface event was probably a slow earthquake with a rise time of several minutes that triggered the outer-rise event several minutes later. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the normal fault ruptured first and dynamically triggered the subduction interface event. Our evidence comes from displacements of Global Positioning System stations and modelling of tsunami waves recorded by ocean-bottom pressure sensors, with support from seismic data and tsunami field observations. Evidence of the subduction earthquake in global seismic data is largely hidden because of the earthquake’s slow rise time or because its ground motion is disguised by that of the normal-faulting event. Earthquake doublets where subduction interface events trigger large outer-rise earthquakes have been recorded previously4, but this is the first well-documented example where the two events occur so closely in time and the triggering event might be a slow earthquake. As well as providing information on strain release mechanisms at subduction zones, earthquakes such as this provide a possible mechanism for the occasional large tsunamis generated at the Tonga subduction zone5, where slip between the plates is predominantly aseismic6.
intraplate event, occurring almost 300 km south of the main plate boundary, and since the event likely did not break the surface, precise identification of the causative fault is difficult at this time