Geneticist Says: Genetically, blacks aren't as intelligent. (Update: Now Denies It)

reply to post by blaqmyst

Maybe you should attack their arguments instead of them personally. At this point, I am more willing to side with the "racists" because they are the only ones providing evidence for their claims.

Don't take it personally if I take sides with the "Grandfather of DNA" over "Anonymous person posting on a message board".

My My where to begin


"It is obvious that your base your decisions of whether some one has valid information based on a wiki"

Yes that would be the case had I actually been the one to post a link to wikipedia to support my opinions, but apparently you have already covered that.
But what is obvious is how someone of your reasoning would retort to insults without fully comprehending what was said so I will help you understand what Rushton claims were in lamins terms. Rushton's overall claim is basically a re-hashing of Blumenbach's racial theories in which the human species were divided into several distinct races with the "Caucasian" at the top of this racial pyramid and the "Negro" at the bottom. Of course this has been disproved with modern science

"The classification of humans into races has proved to be a futile exercise, there are no objective reasons for splitting the human species into any lower taxonomic level.
In terms of genetic distance the greatest difference is between Africans and non Africans.
East Asian [including Melanesian] and Africans show the greatest genetic distance regardless of phenotype. Europeans are intermediate between Africans and East Asians.
The genetic difference between Italians and British is 250% greater than the difference between the British and the Germans.
-Luigi Cavalli-Sforza [Italian, population geneticist.]"



"It actually doesn't. You must be selectively reading. It's actually quite a balanced presentation of what he believes and what some of his detractors think."

If you define a balanced presentation as lacking scientific objectivity and repeating outdated racial theories then again you would be correct but it seems that this is not the case. You also seem not to understand what I mean when I refer to Rushton's theories as Pseudo-scientific so I will help you in you comprehension of the word

Definitions:
Pseudoscientific

Pseudo science relies heavily on anachronistic thinking.
The older the idea, the more attractive it is to pseudo science -- it's the wisdom of the ancients! -- especially if the idea is transparently wrong and has long been discarded by science. Many journalists have trouble in comprehending this point. A typical reporter writing about astrology may think a thorough job can be done by interviewing six astrologers and one astronomer. The astronomer says it's all bunk; the six astrologers say it's great stuff and really works and for $50 they'll be glad to cast anyone's horoscope. (No doubt!) To many reporters, and apparently to many editors and their readers, this would confirm astrology six to one!

Pseudo science begins with a hypothesis—usually one which is appealing emotionally,
and spectacularly implausible—and then looks only for items which appear to support it.
Conflicting evidence is ignored. Generally speaking, the aim of pseudo science is to rationalize strongly held beliefs, rather than to investigate or to test alternative possibilities. Pseudo science specializes in jumping to "congenial conclusions," grinding ideological axes, appealing to preconceived ideas and to widespread misunderstandings.

reply to post by MESSYSC


Sigh...

Refrigerated Truck

Frederick Jones (with Joseph Numero) in 1938? No! Did Jones change America's eating habits by making possible the long-distance shipment of perishable foods? No!

Refrigerated ships and railcars had been moving perishables across oceans and continents even before Jones was born (see refrigerated transport timeline). Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces appeared on the roads at least as early as the late 1920s (see the proof). Further development of truck refrigeration was more a process of gradual evolution than radical change.

Egg Beater

Willie Johnson in 1884? No!

The hand-cranked egg beater with two intermeshed, counter-rotating whisks was invented by Turner Williams of Providence, Rhode Island in 1870 (US Patent #103811). It was an improvement on earlier rotary egg beaters that had only one whisk.

Pencil Sharpener

John Lee Love in 1897? No!

Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, France invented one of the earliest sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G. F. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as the "Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the user held the pencil stationary and turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the tip of the pencil and shaved it into a point.

Love's patent #594114 shows a variation on a different kind of sharpener, in which one would crank the pencil itself around in a stirring motion. An earlier device of a similar type was devised in 1888 by G.H. Courson (patent #388533), and sold under the name "President Pencil Sharpener."

Lubricator

Elijah McCoy revolutionized industry in 1872 by inventing the first device to automatically oil machinery? No! The phrase "Real McCoy" arose to distinguish Elijah's inventions from cheap imitations? No!

The oil cup, which automatically delivers a steady trickle of lubricant to machine parts while the machine is running, predates McCoy's career; a description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific American. The automatic "displacement lubricator" for steam engines was developed in 1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved in 1862 by James Roscoe of the same country. The "hydrostatic" lubricator originated no later than 1871.

Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating back to at least 1856 — well before Elijah McCoy could have been involved.

Elevator

Alexander Miles in 1887? No!
Was Miles the first to patent a self-closing shaft door? No!

Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha Graves Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car from falling if the cable broke, and thus paved the way for the first commercial passenger elevator, installed in New York City's Haughwout Department Store in 1857. The first electric elevator appeared in Mannheim, Germany in 1880, built by the German firm of Siemens and Halske. A self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W. Meaker in 1874 ("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," US Patent No. 147,853)

Heart Surgery

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in 1893? No!

Dr. Williams repaired a wound not in the heart muscle itself, but in the sac surrounding it, the pericardium. This operation was not the first of its type: Henry Dalton of St. Louis performed a nearly identical operation two years earlier, with the patient fully recovering. Decades before that, the Spaniard Francisco Romero carried out the first successful pericardial surgery of any type, incising the pericardium to drain fluid compressing the heart.

Surgery on the actual human heart muscle, and not just the pericardium, was first successfully accomplished by Ludwig Rehn of Germany when he repaired a wounded right ventricle in 1896.

Care to retort?

There is a fine line between racisim and constructive criticism!

Considering the facts at hand, I think I see what they are trying to say.
The truth is that everybody has the ability to strive for what they want and most people do, but which Blacks are they talking about here?

Do they mean Blacks in general or are they targeting American Blacks specifically?

Intelligence is a trait that people either have have or they don't. The same can be said about other traits such as a persons artistic, music and atheletic abilities.
However, if you are naturally gifted in one area you may not be be so in others. If most American Blacks are naturally good at sports than it is fair to say they have spent more time perfecting their craft while neglecting other things that society would use to measure a persons intelligence.

What is sad is when you have a Black person, who may or may not be a natural athelete, choosing instead to develop his/her intelleligence to help others of their kind but in doing so continually get criticized and labeled by the very people they are trying to help as "being an Uncle Tom", "not keeping it real" or "playing the White Man's game".

This itself is worse than the chains and shackles of slavery because now you become a slave to your own people!

If I remember my American History, besides wishing to know their exact birth date, Black slaves wanted to be free so they can then receive a good education.

You can see a lot by going to a sporting event especially when about 70-80% of people are Black.

BTW, something to think about, you don't really see very many Asians or Indians, but those figures are slowly increasing.

The proof is in the pudding and so far it has proven, that the western society are still depending on stolen ideas, even gunpowder was invented in china, make up in egypt, cranes in egypt heres another little list, close your eyes

Air Conditioning Unit Frederick M. Jones July 12, 1949
Almanac Benjamin Banneker Approx. 1791
Auto Cut-Off Switch Granville T. Woods January 1, 1839
Auto Fishing Devise G. Cook May 30, 1899
Automatic Gear Shift Richard Spikes February 28, 1932
Baby Buggy W. H. Richardson June 18, 1899
Bicycle Frame L.R. Johnson October 10, 1899
Biscuit Cutter A.P. Ashbourne November 30, 1875
Blood Plasma Bag Charles Drew Approx. 1945
Cellular Phone Henry T. Sampson July 6, 1971
Chamber Commode T. Elkins January 3, 1897
Clothes Dryer G.T. Sampson June 6, 1862
Curtain Rod S.R. Scratton November 30, 1889
Curtain Rod Support William S. Grant August 4, 1896
Door Stop O. Dorsey December 10, 1878
Dust Pan Lawrence P. Ray August 3, 1897
Electric Lamp Bulb Lewis Latimer March 21, 1882
Elevator Alexander Miles October 11, 1867
Eye Protector P. Johnson November 2, 1880
Fire Escape Ladder J.W. Winters May 7, 1878
Folding Bed L.C. Bailey July 18, 1899
Folding Chair Brody & Surgwar June 11, 1889
Fountain Pen W.B. Purvis January 7, 1890
Furniture Caster O.A. Fisher 1878
Gas Mask Garrett Morgan October 13, 1914
Golf Tee T. Grant December 12, 1899
Guitar Robert F. Flemming, Jr. March 3, 1886
Hair Brush Lydia O. Newman November 15, 18--
Hand Stamp Walter B. Purvis February 27, 1883
Horse Shoe J. Ricks March 30, 1885
Ice Cream Scooper A.L. Cralle February 2, 1897
Improv. Sugar Making Norbet Rillieux December 10, 1846
Insect-Destroyer Gun A.C. Richard February 28, 1899
Ironing Board Sarah Boone December 30, 1887
Key Chain F.J. Loudin January 9, 1894
Lantern Michael c. Harvey August 19, 1884
Lawn Mower L.A. Burr May 19, 1889
Lemon Squeezer J. Thomas White December 8, 1893
Lock W.A. Martin July 23, 18--
Lubricating Cup Ellijah McCoy November 15, 1895
Lunch Pail James Robinson 1887
Mail Box Paul L. Downing October 27, 1891
Mop Thomas W. Stewart June 11, 1893
Motor Federick M. Jones June 27, 1939
Peanut Butter George Washington Carver 1896
Record Player Arm Joseph Hunger Dickenson January 8, 1819
Refrigerator J. Standard June 14, 1891
Riding Saddles W.D., Davis Ocotber 6, 1895
Rolling Pin John W. Reed 1864
Shampoo Headrest C.O. Bailiff October 11, 1898
Spark Plug Edmond Berger February 2, 1839
Stethoscope Imhotep Ancient Egypt
Stove T.A. Carrington July 25, 1876
Phone Transmitter Granville T. Woods December 2, 1884
Thermostat Control Frederick M. Jones February 23, 1960
Traffic Light Garrett Morgan November 20, 1923
Tricycle M.A. Cherry May 6, 1886
Typewriter Burridge & Marshman

The lock what a classic, you guys invent # that makes good stuff crap like chicken feed, that makes a chick become a chicken in 30 days, now just pop it in the microwave, and you will get a chicken curry

Wow, I guess some people just like to bicker. I'm also surprised that there are people who fight to defend this guy because he is a nobel laureate, bet the same people would say that Al Gore's nobel laureate means jack, in the same breath. Not surprised by the tone of this thread either, racism is still very much alive in America, however I thought you all gotten over the Blacks and were now focusing your hatred on the Browns.

btw.. maybe you all missed Goosedawg's post, with the link to the NYT Article in which this very geneticist Dr Watson denies saying what he said.

Famed Scientist Apologizes for Quoted Racial Remarks
“I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said,” Dr. Watson said in a statement given to The Associated Press. “There is no scientific basis for such a belief.”

People with an iq over 120 sit on the front of bus, people with an iq under 120 have to sit at the back. iq test's will be statuary, and a 20 minute exam will be taken once a year, the score will be implemented on your new identity card which must be shown on demand or scanned when entering public transport

Dude i think black people have changed over the last 20 years or so...
those inventors are definitely great but they were from a relatively distinct time period.

reply to post by worldwatcher


Thanks for showing up WorldWatcher. It's much appreciated.

Originally posted by die_another_day
Dude i think black people have changed over the last 20 years or so...
those inventors are definitely great but they were from a relatively distinct time period.

I dont think black people have or could have changed, I think people who talk like this, obviously dont know many black people, anyway I was only making the point that many inventions from black creators, are still of great need, and still hold great commercial value

Originally posted by Level X
Yes, I do sir. You must have based your conclusions on the fact you are most likey Caucasian?? And I respect your angle on Black America.

Mexican/Portuguese. I also have my own beliefs about the negative behaviors and traits passed down within my own races. That's not what this thread about, just to clarify...

1. Tijuana - on any given weekend, drunken whites between the ages 17 and 35, arguing, staggering and vomiting all over Revolution' St. As the native people - stare from their tinket business.
2. Buckhead Atl - drunken, loud, white college youth grappling in the streets over the girl with the biggest implants. (as blacks egg them on
3. Girls gone wild - you've seen the freaks in this freakshow. (outside of porn, how many black women flash their tit's & fondle their best friends fur coat for a shot of whiskey?? Please! What does Oral Roberts have to say about that??
4. Halloween - let's see how much property, car, and personal injury will happen when those respectfull & un-rude little Johnny's reign their terror in and on your suburbs.

All similar to most college communities or Las Vegas... Or some of our holidays. A party, or almost anything where alcohol is abundant, is typically a gathering of idiots. Yes, if you would like to see white kids act stupid, go to a college town on the weekends, or almost any major party spot in or near America.

5. Skate boarders - these rude punks run over thousands every year. But since they have X - game endorsement's I guess their acts don't count?

This will tie into the Punk rock subculture. I agree, it seems to usually be a group of middle/upper class whites whose daily routine is to impress their friends and get some attention. Luckily, most of these kids seem to grow up and mature over time.

6. Abroad - many countries think American white's are loud, disrepectful, stinky, goofy, and just plain stupid in many cases. (and this is their honest opinion.)

I'm unaware of this.

7. Sporting events - Blacks are Cool... Whites can be Fools...

Go to a Raider game. lol. At sporting events, the loud fools are usually the drunk ones.

Blacks have their flamboyance but believe me -- so do Whites.

Remember, no theory is ever 100%.

I appreciate your reply... But you mostly cited the demeanor of drunken white Americans acting like idiots. So what is your experience with blacks? Can you honestly tell me that more often than not they were respectable, intelligent people?

First of all, original poster, please correct your grammar to "Geneticist says..." Good grammar is a sign of intelligence LOL.

As a physician, I suggest that humans are as different in their abilities as different breeds of dogs. As an aggregate, some breeds are smarter than others; others are more muscular, others can live in cold dark climates, others can routinely win marathons in hot climates...so what? That is the beauty of humanity. This shows we still have a fair amount of genetic variation so some of us might survive whatever the next catastrophy that decimates our species. As for intelligence, we all have the same genes no matter what race we belong to. There are slight variations in the amounts of expression of these genes which determine our capacity to learn and process information, which is the definition of intelligence. However, 80% of the variation between different humans IQ is nutritional, environmental, and educational. Beyond that are epigenetic changes in which methyl groups are attached to DNA promoters to turn off or down regulate various genes, including those for brain development. Some things that can induce this are pesticides and other environmental toxins that are thought to cause autism. This explains why identical twins can develop differently. Skin color really has nothing to do with it. I think Watson ought to have known better, but perhaps he is getting a bit senile in his old age.

LOL if your genes were responsible for your intelligence then identical twins should be be exactly the same in terms of intelligence. However they are not despite sharing the same genes. I have two pairs of twins in my family, so I know. How do you explain this? Grow up guys, what if you die in your sleep? Let go of hate & bigotry, don't throw your soul away.

Originally posted by worldwatcher
btw.. maybe you all missed Goosedawg's post, with the link to the NYT Article in which this very geneticist Dr Watson denies saying what he said.

Famed Scientist Apologizes for Quoted Racial Remarks
“I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said,” Dr. Watson said in a statement given to The Associated Press. “There is no scientific basis for such a belief.”

In case anyone missed it.
I'm just adding this so it's not a one line post yay!

For the sake of science and objectivity, this suggestion or hypothesis should be tested through other means apart from genetics before any claims are made public otherwise who ever makes such claims is foolish.

Evidently there are general genetic differences between races of people
in terms hair, skulls, skin and bone structure. Obviously these are mostly down to enviromental reasons. If there are differences in the intelligence genes it could be due circumstancial and educational reasons.

Due to the sensitive nature of this type of claim, anyone who is going to make such a claim should have done all the neccessary investigation.
I dont think this man's claim should be taken seriously because in the real world there is no evidence to support this claims. Africans have been behind in educational standards surely this a major factor in testing for intelligence.

Here's quite an interesting study into race and intelligence, Asians seem to come out top, followed by white people, followed by black people:

www.news-medical.net...

1. The Worldwide Pattern of IQ Scores. East Asians average higher on IQ tests than Whites, both in the U. S. and in Asia, even though IQ tests were developed for use in the Euro-American culture. Around the world, the average IQ for East Asians centers around 106; for Whites, about 100; and for Blacks about 85 in the U.S. and 70 in sub-Saharan Africa.

2. Race Differences are Most Pronounced on Tests that Best Measure the General Intelligence Factor (g). Black-White differences, for example, are larger on the Backward Digit Span test than on the less g loaded Forward Digit Span test.

3. The Gene-Environment Architecture of IQ is the Same in all Races, and Race Differences are Most Pronounced on More Heritable Abilities. Studies of Black, White, and East Asian twins, for example, show the heritability of IQ is 50% or higher in all races.

4. Brain Size Differences. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) find a correlation of brain size with IQ of about 0.40. Larger brains contain more neurons and synapses and process information faster. Race differences in brain size are present at birth. By adulthood, East Asians average 1 cubic inch more cranial capacity than Whites who average 5 cubic inches more than Blacks.

5. Trans-Racial Adoption Studies. Race differences in IQ remain following adoption by White middle class parents. East Asians grow to average higher IQs than Whites while Blacks score lower. The Minnesota Trans-Racial Adoption Study followed children to age 17 and found race differences were even greater than at age 7: White children, 106; Mixed-Race children, 99; and Black children, 89.

6. Racial Admixture Studies. Black children with lighter skin, for example, average higher IQ scores. In South Africa, the IQ of the mixed-race "Colored" population averages 85, intermediate to the African 70 and White 100.

7. IQ Scores of Blacks and Whites Regress toward the Averages of Their Race. Parents pass on only some exceptional genes to offspring so parents with very high IQs tend to have more average children. Black and White children with parents of IQ 115 move to different averages--Blacks toward 85 and Whites to 100.

8. Race Differences in Other "Life-History" Traits. East Asians and Blacks consistently fall at two ends of a continuum with Whites intermediate on 60 measures of maturation, personality, reproduction, and social organization. For example, Black children sit, crawl, walk, and put on their clothes earlier than Whites or East Asians.

9. Race Differences and the Out-of-Africa theory of Human Origins. East Asian-White-Black differences fit the theory that modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000 years ago and expanded northward. During prolonged winters there was evolutionary selection for higher IQ created by problems of raising children, gathering and storing food, gaining shelter, and making clothes.

10. Do Culture-Only Theories Explain the Data? Culture-only theories do not explain the highly consistent pattern of race differences in IQ, especially the East Asian data. No interventions such as ending segregation, introducing school busing, or "Head Start" programs have reduced the gaps as culture-only theory would predict.

reply to post by j_kalin


Thank you for your input. In my opinion, your post is among the wisest in this thread. Diversity of race and culture is one of the most important things we can preserve. This is why, despite seeing equal value in every race, my personal beliefs tend towards a form of Nationalism. Multi-culturalism is a sure way to destroy the variations among the world's cultures. I'd rather celebrate a vast array of seperate cultures than watch them all become merged into one culture-less "mono-culture".

Did I use the word "culture" too many times there? I think so.

To the racists in this thread: Just because you've had a bad experience with someone of a different race than yourself (e.g. blacks), allowing that to consume you to the point of racism often says more about your own strength of character and rationality than it does about that race of people. I was beaten up once by a group of black guys for no reason other than because I wouldn't buy them cigarettes when they demanded I do so. It would have been easy to let that taint my view but I'm glad I had the strength to not let it. I have encountered just as many disgusting, stupid white people as I have black people. Black people do not have a monopoly on stupidity.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
The following African Americans are responsible for either inventing, or improving on the invention of, a wide variety of items. From Dr. Charles Drew to Garrett A. Morgan, the inventions of African Americans have played a large role in AMERICAN history.

Some of your "Blacks invented stuff" is actually wrong and some of your "African American's" are nothing but. I also know that you've ripped your list from this /forum/showthread.php?p=4105277]Site, although why you go to a White Supremacist site is beyond me. I only found the list doing some googling on your claims.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
C. B. Brooks - Street Sweeper (1896)

I'm querying this one as I can only find mention of a C.B. Brooks who was a Black British Army officer during WW1, who served with distinction. He wasn't even born until 1893.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Dr. Charles Drew - Established Blood Banks all over the world (1940)

Technically of mixed race, so can't really be called Black, seeing as your trying to notch up "Whodunnitfirst" points.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Frederick Jones
- Refrigeration for transport trucks (1938)
- Refrigeration for railroad cars (1945)

Technically, he didn't "invent" any refrigeration, but adapted existing technology.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Elijah McCoy - Automatic Lubrication System for railroads and heavy machinery (1892)

Not American in the slightest. He was a Canadian citizen educated in the UK.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Jan Matzeliger - Automatic Shoe Making Machine that revolutionized the making of shoes (1883)

Not American, he was Dutch and lived in Surinam.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Alexander Miles - Elevator (1888)

He didn't invent the elevator. He just adapted the design to enable better opening and closing of the doors.

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Garrett A. Morgan
- Gas Mask that saved many lives during WWI (1914)
- Automatic Traffic Signal (1923)

Neither of those things were invented by Mr Morgan.

It has often been claimed that Morgan invented the first "gas mask", however, the first gas mask was invented by Scottish chemist John Stenhouse in 1854. A precursor to the "gas mask" had been invented by Lewis Haslett in 1847 and granted US Patent no. 6529 in 1859. Numerous other inventors, including, Charles Anthony Deane (1823), John Tyndall (1871), Samuel Barton (1874), George Neally (1877), Henry Fleuss (1878), before Morgan's invention that was patented in 1914 (US Patent numbers 1090936 and 1113675), but does not diminish Morgan's heroism in using his mask to rescue the men trapped in the tunnel explosion, which was undertaken at considerable personal risk.

The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole unit that featured three hand-cranked positions: Stop, Go and an all-directional stop position. This third position halted traffic in all directions to allow pedestrians to cross streets more safely.[9] Its one advantage over others of its type was the ability to operate it from a distance using a mechanical linkage.

Though an ingenious invention, it was neither the first mechanical traffic signal invented, nor the precursor to the modern traffic light.[10]

Originally posted by MESSYSC
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams - First Open Heart Surgery (1893)

Er, actually, it isn't "open heart surgery". He was the first to successfully perform surgery on torn pericardiums. This is the the thick sack like membrane that surrounds the heart. Repairing that is not "open heart surgery".

Originally posted by MESSYSC
First open heart surgery need I say more.

Er, yes actually. You need to stop sourcing your info from blatantly "pro-black at the expense of actual history" sites such as www.blackinventor.com...

Ya know there is a study that says that conservatives are less intelligent than liberals...

www.abovepolitics.com...

Perhaps conservatives should start sitting at the back of the bus and perhaps we should start sending their kids to lower quality schools.

Hey they don't need good schools, or even decent communities because it has been proven conservatives are dumber than everybody else including moderates. They'll never notice the difference... they are not smart enough to.

[edit on 19-10-2007 by grover]

There is much passion in the replies to this thread and for obvious reasons due to the nature of this subject…..allow me to try to shed some light basd on evidence of how to best determine such findings…..

Let us assume that this observation is correct about race………well, it is a broad brush obersation that has its roots in the Bell Curve study that concludes that 70% of Blacks have tested below a triple digit IQ…….where 30% of Whites do………and only 10% of Asians do………..

If these are crediable studies then there are still 30% of Blacks….70% of whites and 90% of Aaians that assimilate quite well into an advanced society where it has been postulated that a triple digit IQ is required to function in a contributing manner to that culture. This conclusion seems to to have some credance in that it mirrors those percentages in advanced societies where there is a multi-racial makeup.

Howerver…………does that mean that Black are less human that Whites?............or that Whites are less human than Asians??..........

Of course not………we are all humans regardless of the level of our cognitivie ablities. We all have equal rights and dignity in a free society regardless of our skill sets and/or cognitive reasoning.

Also, there are other measures of intellegence or coginitive ablities that don’t necessary conform to those most recignized by an advanced society.

The key for each of us regardless of race is to find those individual ablities we best respresent and utilize them to the fullest in society.

In the final ansyalis, I do see some crediblity to what this scientist has determined. However, I like all of us; should be willing to keep an open mind on the subject to any evidence of the contrary and be willing to acept the alternative as fact if it denies credance to what has been stated here.