posted on Jan, 16 2009 @ 10:38 AM
TI: Temporal gravity and mass changes accompanying the 2004-2008 unprecedented uplift of the Yellowstone caldera
AF: Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Utah,
AB: Beginning in late 2004, GPS and InSAR data revealed the beginning of an unprecedented episode of uplift in the 0.64 Ma Yellowstone caldera at
rates up to 7 cm/yr. The caldera tumescence has been modeled as an expanding volcanic sill of ~1200 square kilometers at 10 km depth beneath the
caldera, coincident with the top of the seismically imaged crustal magma chamber. The modeled rate of source volume increase of 0.1 cubic kilometers
per year is evidence of an influx of molten material to the system as the main mechanism for the uplift and is consistent with the 2,000 mW/m2 total
heat flux. To evaluate the mass rate change of the volcanic source of the accelerated uplift, temporal variations in gravity were measured from
2007-2008 at the precision Yellowstone gravity network established in 1975. We compare the changes in gravity and equivalent mass changes to infer
whether the uplift is due to the influx of magma or a change in the orthometric height alone.
TI: Seismic Evidence for Dilatational Source Deformation of the Yellowstone Accelerated Uplift Episode
AF: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah,
AB: Dominant dilatational deformations associated with earthquakes in the area of the 2004-2008 Yellowstone accelerated uplift episode were identified
through detailed analysis of moment tensor inversions of two unusual M3+ earthquakes characterized by notable coseismic volumetric changes. Highly
pressurized hydrothermal fluids are suggested to be associated with the source processes of these events, which is consistent with the mechanism of
the GPS-InSAR derived deformation signal of the above uplift modeled as intrusion of a near horizontal magmatic sill at ~10 km depth beneath the
Yellowstone caldera. One of the unusual earthquakes, the 5 November 2007 Mw 3.3 event, occurred near the West Thumb Geyser Basin and was located at
the southeast side of the deforming area of the uplift. This unusual event occurred in a volume of expected crustal expansion above the inflating
magmatic sill. A notable 60% explosive isotropic source component was determined for this West Thumb event with a 2.2 cm opening across an area of
0.06 km squared. We propose that the inflation of the magmatic sill activates a high-pressurized fluid migration upward that triggers a dilatational
deformation inducing the unusual earthquake. The other earthquake with a dilatational deformation, the 9 January 2008 Mw 3.8 event, occurred on the
northern rim of the caldera. The moment tensor solution for this event shows that the source mechanism had a 30% of tensile dislocation corresponding
to a 1.2-cm opening crack over an area of 0.5 km squared. The source region of this event appears to be composed of dense micro fractures, inferred
from tomographically imaged seismic velocity structure. We also suggest that stress changes produced by a collocated Mw 3.4 earthquake, occurring one
week before the unusual event, may have increased the fracture permeability promoting fluid migration and thus encouraging the dilatational (tensile)
dislocation. The dilatational deformations that we detected are very important for hazard mitigation efforts in volcanic fields because such
deformations may eventually cause hydrothermal explosions that are considered to be a serious volcanic hazard. These explosive-source earthquakes are
the first to be observed in the 35 year recording period of the Yellowstone seismic network.
TI: Fracture Mechanics Approach to Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions
AU: Sammonds, P
AF: Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, UCL,
AB: A medium to short-term increase in the rate of volcano-tectonic earthquake events provides one of the most useful and promising tools for eruption
forecasting, particularly at subduction-zone volcanoes reawakening after a long repose interval. Two basic patterns of accelerating seismicity
observed prior to eruptions are exponential and faster than exponential increases with time. While theoretical and empirical models exist that can
explain these observed trends, less is known about seismic unrest at volcanoes that does not end in eruption. A comprehensive model of fracturing and
failure within an edifice must also explain why volcanoes do not erupt. We have developed a numerical fracture mechanical model for simulating
precursory seismic sequences, associated with the opening of a new magmatic pathway to the surface. The model reproduces the basic patterns of
precursory seismicity and shows that the signals produced vary according to changes in the extent of damage and in the mechanical properties of the
host rock. Local stress conditions and material property distributions exist under which the model is also able to produce seismic swarms that do not
lead to failure and eruption. It can therefore provide insight into factors determining whether or not a seismic crisis leads to eruption. Critically,
when combined with field data this may provide information on how often 'failed' eruptions can be expected, or suggest a step towards an
observational method for distinguishing between a seismic swarm leading to quiescence and a pre-eruptive seismic sequence.
TI: Volcanic Unrest Induced by Hydrothermal Fluid Flow: Insights from Models Incorporating Heterogeneous Property Distributions and Fluid
Sourcing
AU: * Hutnak, M
AF: U.S. Geological Survey,
AB: One facet of volcanic unrest is ground-surface displacement (GSD), which is typically thought to result from magma intrusion at depth. Although
many caldera-hosted volcanic systems show evidence of vigorous hydrothermal activity between the ground surface and underlying magma chamber, the
potential contribution of circulating aqueous fluids and gases to GSD is often overlooked. Estimates of magma source depth, geometry, and composition
depend critically on whether crustal deformation is caused by magmatic intrusion or hydrothermal phenomena. Recent advances in geodetic measurements
of GSD reveal complex and multi- faceted deformation patterns. Further, recent increases in the power and availability of computing resources permit
quantitative assessment of the complex thermal interplay between groundwater flow and crustal mechanics. We carry out numerical simulations of
multi-phase (liquid-–gas), multi-component (H2O-- CO2) hydrothermal fluid flow and poroelastic deformation using a range of realistic physical
parameters and processes, including heterogeneous permeability distributions (both lateral and vertical) and fluid sourcing. Hydrothermal fluid
injection, circulation, and gas formation can generate complex, temporally and spatially varying patterns of GSD, with deformation rates (mm--10's of
cm/yr), magnitudes (10's of m), and geometries (including subsidence) similar to those observed in several large calderas. The potential for both
rapid and gradual deformation resulting from magma-derived fluids suggests that hydrothermal fluid circulation may help explain many occurrences of
gradual and rapid deformation that have not culminated in magmatic eruption.