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Most of the contents from the WTC 7 building were most likely crushed from the gravitational potential energy of the building falling onto itself. Even in the case of a standard controlled demolition, most of the energy from demolition explosives is focused upon shearing steel columns. Little of the explosive energy is used to pulverize building contents. The energy released from explosives in a conventional controlled demolition of a tall building is tiny compared to the gravitational potential energy. Much more explosive energy above that necessary to shear steel columns would be necessary to match the pulverization energy associated with the gravitational potential energy of the building. The contents of WTC 7 were pulverized mainly due to the gravitational potential energy released upon impact.
Potential Energy Versus Richter Scale Readings
Seismograph readings were used by Dr. Wood as evidence that much of the debris from the towers never hit the ground. She used an erroneous scaling argument in which the Richter scale reading measured from the collapse of the Kingdome is compared directly to the potential energy of the Kingdome. Based upon this analysis, she then scales the potential energy to obtain a hypothetical Richter scale reading. This hypothetical Richter scale reading is significantly larger than that actually measured from either WTC tower collapses. Her analysis is profoundly flawed as will be discussed in detail below.
As described in a paper by Furlong and Ross (22), the plane crash does not appear on the seismograph charts. Spikes in the chart occur up to 14 seconds too early for the North Tower, presumably from sub-basement explosions which are corroborated by 37 eyewitness testimonials. No spike occurs at the time of the plane impact. This implies weak coupling between the upper floors of the building to ground movement as measured by the Richter scale.
Furthermore, seismograph readings of the surface waves only measured about 6 seconds (23) of seismic activity compared to a 14 second collapse time as measured by video evidence.(30) The seismic duration time, 5-6 seconds, makes sense if the initial debris generated from the collapse fell at roughly free-fall speed which would take about 8 seconds before impacting the ground. The duration of debris impacting the ground can be calculated as 14 – 8 = ~ 6 seconds which is the time duration of measured seismic activity.
This means that the vibrations coupled into the ground through the building during the initial 8 seconds of collapse caused no significant seismic activity. This shows that the energy released during the initial stages of the collapse was not coupled effectively into ground movement.
The energy associated with the measured surface waves (ML, similar to a Richter scale reading) were directly compared to the approximate potential energy of the building:
The gravitational potential energy associated with the collapse of each tower is at least 10 to the 11th Joule. The energy propagated as seismic waves for an ML of 2.3 is about 10 to the 6th to 10 to the 7th Joule. Hence, only a very small portion of the potential energy was converted into seismic waves. Most of the energy went into deformation of buildings and the formation of rubble and dust.
The perception of people in the vicinity of the collapses as reported in the media seems to be in full accord with the notion that ground shaking was not a major contributor to the collapse or damage to surrounding buildings.(23)
There are other reasons for the weak coupling of the potential energy of the
building into ground movement other than those already mentioned. The most obvious is that the period (peak-to-peak time of wave) of the measured surface waves (Rayleigh waves, Rg) generated from the collapse was about 1
second, and the “seismic energy from the collapse was delivered over 5-6 seconds" (23) to four separate seismograph stations. Many separate pieces of debris were impacting the ground over a duration much longer than the period of the wave. This is a very inefficient way to generate a surface wave, and much of the kinetic energy impacting the ground canceled the ground
movement from other debris hitting the ground at a different time. This is analogous to pushing a child on a swing much faster than the natural period of the swing. Most of the energy will be wasted. .
By contrast, small earthquakes are generated over a relatively short time duration.
This is analogous to giving the child on the swing one hard push.
To drive home the point that the potential energy of buildings cannot be directly compared to Richter scale readings, consider the following example.
The ML reported for the North Tower is 2.3. The ML from the raw amplitude seismograph readings for WTC 7 is 1.0. (20)
Even though the potential energy of the North Tower compared to WTC 7 was about 5 times larger, (19) the energy derived from the Richter scale measurements is 87 times larger. (20)
To conclude from this that most of the debris from Building 7 never hit the ground would clearly be absurd.
It is therefore obviously not appropriate to attempt to compare the Richter scale readings of two such dissimilar buildings when the relatively similar buildings, WTC 7 and WTC 1, both steel skyscrapers, give such disparate readings.
Hence, only a very small portion of the potential energy was converted into seismic waves.
Most of the energy went into deformation of buildings and the formation of rubble and dust.
The perception of people in the vicinity of the collapses as reported in the media seems to be in full accord with the notion that ground shaking was not a major contributor to the collapse or damage to surrounding buildings.
The seismic energy of a ML 0.7 to 0.9 computed for the impacts is a tiny fraction of the kinetic energy of each aircraft, about 2 x 10 to the 9th Joule.
That associated with the combustion of 50 to 100 tons of fuel in each aircraft is roughly
10 to the 12th Joule, most of which was expended in the large fireballs (visible in TV images) and in subsequent burning that ignited material in each tower.
Less than a millionth of the fuel energy was converted to seismic waves
Data from the Palisades, NY recording station, located 34 km north-north-east of Manhattan, published by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University (LDEO), provide the most detailed seismic waveforms for analysis, particularly for the determination of the locations (surface or underground) and timing of the events that created the seismic waves.
Some authors have been puzzled in their analysis of signals recorded for the events at the World Trade Center, as the contradictions are significant. They are particularly intrigued by the presence of seismic "peaks" before the collapses. (See MacQueen, 2009). This text focuses on the study of the seismic signals from Palisades. The new interpretation presented here renders the assertions of the seismic analysis of the events at the WTC, as presented by the government in the NIST and other reports, null and void.
On the contrary, all the documented evidence points to explosions as the source of the recorded seismic signals.
--snip--
The analysis presented here will question LDEO's identifications of the causes of the waveforms.
--snip--
Normally in this type of study the time of origin is known with great precision, ( to the millisecond ), which is necessary in order to calculate the propagation speed of the different waves. Unfortunately, that precision is not possible for the events at the WTC. In this case, timing of the waves must be correlated as well as possible utilizing video evidence.
--snip--
Finally, the enormous indeterminacy of 2 seconds in the calculations attempting to fix the time of origin of each of the signals, admitted by the LDEO authors themselves (Kim et al., 2001), oblige us to view the official conclusions critically.
--snip--
Although the cause of the two signals is similar--the crashing of a plane, according to LDEO-- the magnitude (reflected by the amplitudes, or distribution on the vertical axis) of the two signals is different. Further, the waves generated by the two events do not have the same apparent velocity. The calculation of the propagation speeds, derived from the times measured in the graphs of Figures 1a and 1b between the origins fixed according to the corresponding crashes and the first wave arrivals–namely, respectively 11.7 and 15.8 seconds- indicates roughly 2900 m/s for WTC1 and 2150 m/s for WTC2.
--snip--
The actual waves generated by the crashes had to have been deadened before hitting the ground. Frequencies of waves generated by explosions are on the order of 1 Hertz (1 Hz, or one cycle per second)--which is the case with the Rayleigh waves shown in figures 1a and 1b-- while those of crash impacts are above 10 Hz and are often around 100 Hz. Furthermore, the range of the recording instruments (0.6-5 Hz) cited does not allow for the recording of the high-frequency waves that would be created by plane impacts.
As to the theory of the oscillation of the Towers to explain these signals, as defended by Irvine (2001), it is inadequate because in such a case we would have had a "square" signal of long duration and a constant amplitude, while in actuality we observe a "bell-like" signal, representing a strong and brief explosion, which is particularly evident in the case of WTC2
Given that it is geophysically impossible to have two different propagation speeds for two waves of the same type at the same frequency traveling the same path only a few minutes apart, one must bow to the evidence that the supposed origins of the recorded waves are incorrect, and that they are not linked to the plane crashes but to another origin.
The waveform data, far from suggesting the conclusion of LDEO that they were caused by plane impacts into the Towers, suggest instead two explosions with different time displacements from the moments of plane impact at each building. Further, the difference in the magnitude of the two signals can only be linked to differences in the volume of explosives and/or their distance from the surface.
Page 38 from 72. from Graeme MacQueen's thesis :
10. NIST NCSTAR 1-5A, p. 23, 24. The paper in question is referred to (p. 24) as:
Kim, W. X., “Analysis of Seismogram Data Recorded on September 11, 2001 during the World Trade Center, New York City Disaster, Final Technical Report to the Building and
Fire Research Laboratory,” Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, January 31, 2005.
I assumed the author of the report was LDEO’s Won-Young Kim so I wrote to Dr. Kim, asking him if I could have a copy of the report. He replied that he did not have a copy but suggested I ask NIST for one. NIST has not responded to my query.
Page 40 of 72 :
18. As of the writing of this article the Firefighter video can be found on the Studyof911.com website:
www.studyof911.com...
There are two main versions of this video available, both found on this website. One has a clearer picture, and it is this one I have used for establishing DTE and taking images and measurements. (But see also the next note.)
This video is said to have been “filmed from West Street between 1 World Financial Center and the Banker's Trust Building.” I have tentatively adopted this estimate, although I do not know the date and author of the article in which this estimate is made (“Explosion Sounds and the World Trade Center - Twin Tower Collapses”).
Currently, the article can be found at:
www.mediumrecords.com...
19. The version of the Firefighter video with the poorer quality image has a superior soundtrack. By this I mean that this soundtrack fits much better than the other one with witness reports of the sounds of the collapse. I accept this soundtrack as the more authentic of the two.
"A honey pot, in intelligence jargon, is a tempting source of information or 'dangle' that is set out to lure intended victims into a trap. Ultimately, the honey pot is violently and maliciously discredited so as to destroy the credibility of anything stuck to it by association” – Michael Ruppert, "Crossing the Rubicon," p. 184
Jim Hoffman of 9/11 Research:
“The idea that no 757 crashed at the Pentagon is easily the most controversial and divisive issue among researchers of the 9/11/01 attacks. Effectively promoted since early 2002, this idea has enjoyed an increasing acceptance in the 9/11 Truth Movement, despite its blatant incompatibility with the extensive body of eyewitness evidence that a 757-like twin-engine jetliner flew into the Pentagon and exploded.”
NewAgeMan
reply to post by LaBTop
Hi LaBTop,
thanks for your replies.
Re: South tower plane - see my thread
www.abovetopsecret.com...
It was 90 knots over it flight envelop Vd, and 150 knots over it's Vmo, for a sustained period of well over a minute during the remainder of it's dive, reaching up to 520 knots (Vd is 420 KCAS) - then, after leveling out for it's final approach it accelerated to retain it's near sea level airspeed, in sea level air density, of 510 knots through to impact.
You were mistaken about it exceeding it's max operating speed Vmo or if you knew, the Vd design dive limit for only 10 seconds, that's false and not historically accurate.
During it's final turn to hit the building through multiple floors and angled slightly through the corner of the building - it reached 2.5-3 G's, again at 90 knots beyond Vd, after having accelerated during level flight near sea level.
LaBTop
NAM ! :
Back to my "about 10 seconds" remark regarding fluttering etc.
Did you notice that those speeds near the Pentagon in the last few seconds ONLY, ARE the speeds at which catastrophic airframe failure, or loss of flight stability, become imminent and are to be expected by a human planner/plotter of the black-op 911?
Vno = 360 kts for a Boeing 767-200ER (WTC planes) Offered by NAM, based on ?
Vno 460 to 490 for a Boeing 767-200ER (WTC planes) Offered by Bill "Overlord", based on a (take notice) Japanese computer flight simulator chart found at its PDF page 5.
Vno ? for a Boeing 757 (Pentagon plane)