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Another way of looking at it is to estimate the kinetic energy of the towers as they fell.
Professor Cahill (q.v.) put this as "180,000 tonnes moving at 120 mph " which is 2.6 x 10>11 Joules.
4. The investigation and analysis of continual fallout from the WTC site in the weeks following the collapse. This was carried out by the DELTA Group led by Dr. Thomas Cahill, expert in atmospheric sciences at the University of California Davis.
Before construction officially began in 1966, one Port Authority of NY engineer said, "the rock-based foundations will carry 1.25 million tons of superstructure load."
(Martin S. Kapp, "Tall Towers Will Sit on Deep Foundations," Engineering News Record, July 9, 1964.
Online at -911research.wtc7.net... )
From the same article: "Mr. Kapp is Engineer of Soils in the Port of New York Authority's Engineering Department, which designed the foundations for the World Trade Center."
According to the various figures provided after 2001 above, it would seem Mr. Kapp's assessment was accurate.
Building materials were known with a great deal of accuracy. For instance, take another quote from the October 9, 2001 NY Times article:
""The assessment came with a striking level of detail. It estimated that each of the twin towers contained 3,881 tons of steel reinforcing in the concrete floor slabs; 47,453 tons of vertical steel columns; 8,462 tons of aluminum and glass on the exterior walls; 2,531 tons of various ceiling materials; 4,218 tons of flooring; and 31,350 tons of partitions or walls.""
Dr. Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California at Berkeley, who specializes in studying structural damage done by earthquakes and terrorist bombings. He flew to New York on September 19, 2001 to conduct a two-week reconnaissance of the collapsed towers, hoping to gain an understanding of how they'd come down. He was able to examine numerous pieces of steel taken from Ground Zero. [1]
--snip--
• Astaneh-Asl said that steel flanges "had been reduced from an inch thick to paper thin." [3]
• At a recycling center in New Jersey, he saw 10-ton steel beams from the towers that "looked like giant sticks of twisted licorice." [4] He showed the San Francisco Chronicle a "banana-shaped, rust-colored piece of steel" that had somehow "twisted like toffee during the terrorist attack." [5]
• He noted the way steel from the WTC had bent at several connection points that had joined the floors to the vertical columns. He described the connections as being smoothly warped, saying, "If you remember the Salvador Dali paintings with the clocks that are kind of melted--it's kind of like that." He added, "That could only happen if you get steel yellow hot or white hot--perhaps around 2,000 degrees." [6]
• In an interview in 2007, Astaneh-Asl recalled, "I saw melting of girders in [the] World Trade Center." [7]
• He found a foot-long twisted shard of steel that was "like a piece of bread, but it was high-strength steel." He commented, "I haven't seen anything like this [before]." [8]
• He came across "severely scorched [steel] members from 40 or so floors below the points of impact [by the planes]." [9]
• The fireproofing that had been used to protect the WTC steel also showed evidence of extreme conditions. In some places it had "melted into a glassy residue." [10]
• Astaneh-Asl saw a charred I-beam from WTC Building 7, a 47-story skyscraper that collapsed late in the afternoon of 9/11, even though no plane hit it. "The beam, so named because its cross-section looks like a capital I, had clearly endured searing temperatures. Parts of the flat top of the I, once five-eighths of an inch thick, had vaporized." [11]
These observations indicate that the World Trade Center steel was subjected to very high temperatures. Yet, while postulating that the towers collapsed due to fire (and without the use of explosives), even Thomas Eagar --an engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-- admitted, "The temperature of the fire at the WTC was not unusual, and it was most definitely not capable of melting steel." [12] One must conclude that the phenomena observed by Astaneh-Asl are therefore highly suspicious.
The Windsor Tower Fire, Madrid
Overview
Location: Madrid, Spain
Fire Event: 12 February 2005
Fire started at the 21st Floor, spreading to all floors above the 2nd Floor. Fire duration: 18 ~ 20 hours
Fire Damage: Extensive slab collapse above the 17th Floor. The building was totally destroyed by the fire.
Construction Type: Reinforced concrete core with waffle slabs supported by internal RC columns and steel beams, with perimeter steel columns which were unprotected above the 17th Floor level at the time of the fire.
Fire Resistance: Passive fire protection. No sprinklers.
Building Type: 106 m (32 stories). Commercial.
The Damage
The Windsor Tower was completely gutted by the fire on 12 February 2005. A large portion of the floor slabs above the 17th Floor progressively collapsed during the fire when the unprotected steel perimeter columns on the upper levels buckled and collapsed (see Figure 1). It was believed that the massive transfer structure at the 17th Floor level resisted further collapse of the building.
The whole building was beyond repair and had to be demolished.
originally posted by: LaBTop
No, I am still open to discussion. And did not conclude decisively anything, I added some doubt.
You missed again some words indicative of doubt :
1. expect
2. suppose
3. probably
Selective reading problems indication.
originally posted by: LaBTop
As long as you can't come up with solid refutations, calculations and equations, you are just blowing smoke screens, without explaining anything.
Then you would have seen the radio-mast and roof line still standing IN PLACE
Then you would not have seen the following :
originally posted by: LaBTop
As long as you can't come up with solid refutations, calculations and equations, you are just blowing smoke screens, without explaining anything.
originally posted by: LaBTop
DU-lined cutter charges would have quite an heavier impact on those huge steel core columns than the standard copper-lined cutter charges.
.
The building totaled 32 storeys, with 29 floors above ground and three below. A concrete core and concrete frame supported the first 16 floors. Above that was a central support system of concrete columns, supporting concrete floors with steel perimeter columns
. A typical floor was two-way spanning 280mm deep waffle slab supported by the concrete core, internal RC columns with additional 360mm deep steel I-beams and steel perimeter columns. Originally, the perimeter columns and internal steel beams were left unprotected in accordance with the Spanish building code at the time of construction
The steel-glass façade was completely destroyed, exposing the concrete perimeter columns. The steel columns above the 17th floor suffered complete collapse, partially coming to rest on the upper technical floor.
I do not endorse that. I endorse column buckling as the initiator. Column buckling means that the radio mast and roof line, etc.... fall. Just as is observed.
It looks exactly as I would expect, given that I endorse column buckling.
lexyghot : My statement has always been -snip-
lexyghot : Neither the core nor ext columns offered any resistance.
Only the floors. -snip-
My statement has always been that after a single story drop (which takes what... .3-.4 seconds?) the resistance is provided by the floors, since stuff falls on floors... including the entirety of the upper block.
1λy = 0.063 (z1 = 1 − F1/FT = 0.15, for WTC 1 ) and
2λy = 0.046 (z1 = 0.3, for WTC 2).
-snip-
We find 1λ = 0.013 for WTC 1, and 2λ = 0.029 for WTC 2, which are considerably smaller then their yield strains λy’s. Thus, contrary to the NIST claim, the total plastic deformation of the intact vertical columns in the secondary zone was more than sufficient to arrest the fall of the top section.
originally posted by: GenRadek
a reply to: lexyghot
Dont you know that according to LaBTop the TBs have been silenced? or it was a combo of silenced DU/cutters with water coverings and the Thermobaric Bombs that were created by a crazy guy that supposedly created super secret weaponry and somehow only two other people know of them but also believe in aliens and other crazy ideas?
originally posted by: LaBTop
As long as you can't come up with solid refutations, calculations and equations to counter Beck's analysis, you are just blowing smoke screens, without explaining anything.
originally posted by: LaBTop
If it were only the floors resisting the collapse,
then you would have seen the radio-mast and roof line still standing IN PLACE in those first three seconds, held up by the hat truss and the underlaying intact 47 core columns structure, and the top 7 floors would also have been intact, while the next 8 floors were collapsing INSIDE the space between the still existing, INTACT 236 perimeter-columns and the 47 core-columns, if it were only the still intact floors resisting that.
But we see the whole top sinking as one huge entity. Including all the core columns,
which can not buckle naturally, according to Beck,
who's arguments based on NIST's own steel properties, you did not, thus can't refute in the past pages.
Who's the real liar
and (s)troller again?
-snip-
We find 1λ = 0.013 for WTC 1, and 2λ = 0.029 for WTC 2, which are considerably smaller then their yield strains λy’s. Thus, contrary to the NIST claim, the total plastic deformation of the intact vertical columns in the secondary zone was more than sufficient to arrest the fall of the top section.
originally posted by: LaBTop
The failing floor at the WTC 1N tower had ALL its steel solidly protected by good insulation.
SO, WHY SHOULD IT FAIL MASSIVELY IN 101 MINUTES / 1 hr 41 minutes?
originally posted by: LaBTop
Lexyghot should also read all of that, it should answer his questions about TB's tilting up whole floors around the core columns. And since there is a latency principle, that explains how those core column bolts were broken. The explosive velocity front speeds of a TB are sufficient to tilt up a whole floor in a split second. All around the core area. And since that composite floor is attached with so many spandrels plates to those columns their bottom ends, and the above composite floor to their tops ends, those TBs will break those few bolts per column.
originally posted by: LaBTop
The tension of all the double paired floor trusses under the huge ring shaped composite concrete floor decks, on the numerous spandrels plates welded to the 47 core columns and the 236 perimeter columns,
The other force acting on those bolts were the thick steel crossbeams and their on-laying cover of thick concrete floors inside the core area. Which of course were also bulged-up / up-lifted by the huge explosive force of those TBs exploding upwards and then outwards from that core area. Which we saw as huge explosive clouds spitting out of every third floor.
And that's why all those core columns seen laying around after the collapses, had nearly all, their bolts inside their both ends sheared off.