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The Szamboti and Johns paper showed the Journal of Engineering Mechanics editors, in a definitive way, that the Le and Bazant paper was grossly incorrect and that correction of their inputs gave results which were in complete opposition to their claims. Amazingly, the Le and Bazant paper still sits on the Journal of Engineering Mechanics uncorrected. Since nothing was done by them to correct it, after their being alerted to the inaccuracies, the ASCE editors and their Board of Governors are now in violation of their own ethics and complicit in what can only be considered a deliberate misleading of the engineering profession and the public in general regarding the WTC collapses.
The Le and Bazant January 2011 JEM paper can be found on the Internet at the link below
www.civil.northwestern.edu...
The Szamboti and Johns Discussion paper critiquing it, the JEM review comments and their rebuttal to it, and the resubmitted Discussion paper are included below on pages 3 through 17 for the reader to see just what the issues are for themselves.
It can be shown that if the interior, core and floors, of the base and the core of the primary zone are destroyed prior to the release of the top section (Case 1) than the peak in the apparent weight of the building, δw from the first release (the top section being allowed to free fall) is comparable to, possibly weaker than, the peak of the first arrest (the top section reaching the ground).
On the other hand, if the destruction of the entire base marks the release of the top section (Case 2) then the peak of the first release is much stronger than the peak of the first arrest.
We believe it is the seismic signal of the collapse that can be used to deduce which of the two cases is more likely to have had occurred. We leave this analysis to future publications with our collaborators. Given our current knowledge [12], we favor Case 1.
In summary, Reviewer #2 has not found any error at all in our criticisms of Le and Bazant’s TN. We have correctly cited the TN itself, as well as Bazant’s earlier papers on the subject, and the NIST reports. Our criticisms, summarized below, are therefore still valid.
1. Le and Bazant do not adequately state their assumed specifications for the columns on story 97.
2. The values they do state, i.e. average Mp = 0.32 MNm and total XS area 6.05 m², are unsupported by any references or calculations, and not even consistent with one another, given the known number and external dimensions of the columns, their own value for the yield stress, and the standard textbook formula for Mp.
3. In calculating the momentum exchange between the falling upper block and the first stationary floor, Le and Bazant have incorrectly used the mass of the concrete slab only, rather than the full floor assembly.
4. Le and Bazant’s mass value of 54.18 Mkg for floors 99-110 (plus the roof) is unsupported by any evidence, and is much greater than the 33 Mkg value given by NIST.
5. Le and Bazant’s average value for the yield stress of the columns on story 97 contradicts the yield stresses provided by NIST.
6. With all these corrected data the value of Ueq, i.e. the downward displacement at which the resistive and gravitational forces balance, is roughly 1.12 m, not the 0.065 m they claim.
7. Using the corrected data, Le and Bazant’s own methods predict a velocity reduction that would be visible in a velocity plot derived from Etienne Sauret’s high-definition video footage of WTC 1. (Our discussion paper, unlike the TN, includes this necessary empirical data, and no such reduction is visible.) The conclusion of Le and Bazant’s TN is not supported by the available evidence.
[The analysis of Le and Bazant, while sound theoretically, uses incorrect input values. These errors each have the effect of reducing the resistance of the lower part of the building. As a result, their calculated velocity drop on impact is too low, and the calculated acceleration following that drop is too high.
The 2,000 word limit on Discussion papers, imposed by the ASCE Journal rules, kept the Discussion from addressing the inappropriate use of free fall through the 1st story in the Le and Bazant paper. If this erroneous assumption is replaced by the actual measured acceleration the below diagram would be the result, showing an arrest of the collapse in the second story of the fall.
files.abovetopsecret.com...
It is clear, that in addition to fraudulently minimizing the conservation of momentum loss, that Le and Bazant have also inappropriately embellished the kinetic energy of the falling upper section by using nearly double its actual mass and velocity contributions to it, while also diminishing the actual column energy absorption capacity by a factor of two.
Another paper, critiquing the WTC work of Zdenek Bazant published in the Journal of Engineering Mechanics since 2001, was submitted by Szuladzinski in 2012 with Szamboti and Johns as co-authors. The Journal of Engineering Mechanics also refused to publish that paper without being able to refute its points and conclusions and finally simply rejected it as “out of scope” also. The Szuladzinski, Szamboti, and Johns paper titled “Some Misunderstandings Related to WTC Collapse Analysis” was subsequently published by the International Journal of Protective Structures in June 2013 and since January 2014 has been available online without a fee by permission of the publisher. It can be viewed here :
911speakout.org...
--- snip ---. The analysis includes estimates of the probability of threat, hazard, and loss for large commercial buildings in the United States. It was found that annual fatality risk for building occupants is similar to acceptable risk criteria. This suggests that strengthening buildings against progressive collapse may not be warranted unless there is a specific threat against a building.
Read More: ascelibrary.org...
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Beck's 2013 Collapse explanation :
Given the descent curves, the results of physical modeling, some video evidence and the damage review by the NIST investigators we conclude that the collapse of WTC 7 is comprised of four phases :
‹o› Phase N: Null or Preparatory phase, starts 8, or so, seconds before the collapse.
(LT : at the 1 sec before my above bold-printed .(20s)v.)
During that phase, we argue, the core between H2 ~/= 68 m (15th floor) and H1 ~/= 28 m is destroyed together with the base interior.
The appearance of the building during that period, which features, among others, sinking of the penthouses on the top into the building, is consistent with severing of the core columns below H2. The sinking results from the sections of the core columns above H2 being left suspended from the hat truss and the perimeter columns.
That these hanging sections of core columns in the secondary zone are not destroyed becomes apparent during Phase III when the top section in its last moments regains its full (local) strength.
(LT : (16s) . (18s)ttT H U M Ppp . (20s)v . . . . . . (27s)V . . . . (32s)THUMP . (34s)thump--thump (35s)thump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (51s) )
‹o› Phase I: Free Fall phase begins at t = 0 with a sudden and total annihilation of the base (part of the building between the ground level and H1). This allows the top section (part of the building above H1) to free fall to the ground.
(LT : at my above bold-printed (27s)V.)
‹o› Phase II: “Crush-up” begins t ~/= 2.3 s into the collapse when the top section reaches the ground. For the next ~42 m the primary zone of the top section, which was compromised during Phase N, is destroyed in collision with the ground.
(LT : (16s) . (18s)ttT H U M Ppp . (20s)v . . . . . . (27s)V . . . . (32s)THUMP . (34s)thump--thump (35s)thump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (51s) )
‹o› Phase III: “Crush-up” of the top section continues for the next t ~/= 3.8 s as the
secondary zone is being destroyed. While the top section now begins to decelerate,
this, in itself, is not sufficient to arrest the collapse. The phase continues some 7.8-8.8 s
into the collapse when the last remains of the building fall on the ground.
We conclude that the building was destroyed in a highly controlled fashion and, contrary
to the common sentiment, did not spontaneously collapse.