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originally posted by: LaBTop
Let's cut the crap.
Show me pictures of the aftermath of the 2 first WTC tower collapses, where I can see heaps of broken and cracked floors, with their intact thin steel floor pans under them, stacked upon each other.
Because that's what we see in all those videos, rings of dust spitting out of ONE whole 4-sides perimeter of ONE floor. REPEATEDLY.
Rings of dust that are then racing to the ground.
Not chaotic, as expected in a chaotic, natural collapse, but organized. As with explosives.
that 2.5 first seconds period of the start of its global collapse. Those 2.5 first seconds showing a truly gravitational collapse speed. Proved first by Chandler, then admitted afterwards by NIST, whose calculations showed an even closer match.
Then explain to me, how your floor collapsing scenario can occur without failing of the core columns in those first three seconds of the collapse of the WTC-1N tower, taking in account that while at the same time CLEARLY all the 47 core columns (or 51 according to Beck) are failing and SINKING AS ONE ENTITY. Because we all see that roof line coming down as one entity.
With its hat truss clearly intact connected to the 3 top floors perimeters, during those first, three seconds of measurements.
And Chandler's WTC-1N tower graph indicates that in the first three seconds, there's no BUILD-UP of resistance.
As is normal for a natural collapse.
As is demonstrated in the French demolition which was executed without explosions, but with hydraulic jacks that pressed/scattered all the columns at one floor halfway up the total height of that building. To force a natural collapse.
In that French graph we see already after 1 second that the upper parts meet INCREASING deceleration. Shown by an upwards dip in Chandler's collapse graph line. (see my signature LINKS French demolition video)
There is a constant 0.67 % of G acceleration speed,
as if there is the same resistance
That can only be achieved by explosives which cut/displaced the core columns,
Why is the whole intact roof rim also sinking down as one intact entity?
According to your above quote, the columns were not involved in the collapse mechanism initiation.
originally posted by: LaBTop
I would also like to ad the missing glass from the 68,000 windows.
We should expect to find HUGE amounts of broken glass, and shards of it, in the two rubble piles.
Thus we may expect to find lots of broken THICK glass pieces still embedded in those Vierendeel triplet panels.
If it was a NATURAL collapse.
plywood dust. Formed in those TB explosions clouds.
LT :""Thus you mean a pancaking collapse, solely by floors failing, then falling around the core, and inside the space between exterior and core columns,""
lexyghot : ""A pancake collapse progression. Not a pancake collapse initiation. there's a difference here that you are apparently, intentionally confusing. And no, not solely the floors. The core columns above the impact/initiation zone were also obviously falling on the floors. I don't, however, see a whole lot of ext columns in the falling mass impacting the floors.
All this is well documented at this truther forum in many threads.""
the911forum.freeforums.org...
originally posted by: lexyghot
originally posted by: LaBTop
""Strains are dimensionless and are usually expressed as a decimal fraction, or a percentage or in parts-per notation.""
Ok.
Then .2% is .002.
NOT .2
From my Beck-excerpt post above that post :
In our model this (LT : yield strain ) is represented by λ1, which we take to be λ1 = 0.2.
I see your 0.2 value, you see Beck's 0.2 value for the yield strain of the WTC steel at the failing floors.
He took the ~21 - 25 percentage value from a by him referenced book about the properties of steel, where the writer used percentages.
He himself CLEARLY used the CORRECT decimal fraction value in his mathematical equations.
lexyghot : I explained in no uncertain terms that what you are describing here - a pancaking collapse initiation - is not anything that I endorse, nor does NIST.
Therefore, you are a liar when you characterize it as "my" scenario.
And as such, deserves no rebuttal.
originally posted by: LaBTop
Let's cut the crap.
Show me pictures of the aftermath of the 2 first WTC tower collapses, where I can see heaps of broken and cracked floors, with their intact thin steel floor pans under them, stacked upon each other.
Bringing those floor sections into lower Manhattan was one of the biggest challenges of the construction era. During a tugboat strike there were midnight caravans of flatbed trucks with police escorts who cleared the roads. The guy who organized the truck runs actually helped truck away the debris after 9/11. Tom Petrizzo.
When WTC steel erector Karl Koch “asked him if he'd seen any floor sections,” Tom replied :
“No, that's what I don't understand. […] I didn't see one goddamn floor deck come here with a bar joist in it. They must have disintegrated. Because they did not get here. And I handled this from day fu*kin' one.”
“Did they send you any decking that was loose, no joists?” [Koch] asked.
“None,” Tom said.
“None? Well, that's impossible. There were six thousand of them.”
“There's stuff crumpled up, but go identify it as a floor deck if you can. Impossible. A lot of guys come and ask me, they know I was involved in bringing 'em over, but Karl, not one came where I could say, 'Oh, here's one.' I could not show anybody a floor deck and say, 'This is what I hauled over.'”
I [Karl] couldn't believe it. Not one goddamn floor panel.
- Karl Koch III with Richard Firstman, Men of Steel: The Story of the Family that Built the World Trade Center, Crown Publishers, New York, 2002, p. 375.
Because that's what we see in all those videos, rings of dust spitting out of ONE whole 4-sides perimeter of ONE floor. REPEATEDLY.
Rings of dust that are then racing to the ground.
Not chaotic, as expected in a chaotic, natural collapse, but organized. As with explosives.
that 2.5 first seconds period of the start of its global collapse. Those 2.5 first seconds showing a truly gravitational collapse speed. Proved first by Chandler, then admitted afterwards by NIST, whose calculations showed an even closer match.
Then explain to me, how your floor collapsing scenario can occur without failing of the core columns in those first three seconds of the collapse of the WTC-1N tower, taking in account that while at the same time CLEARLY all the 47 core columns (or 51 according to Beck) are failing and SINKING AS ONE ENTITY. Because we all see that roof line coming down as one entity.
With its hat truss clearly intact connected to the 3 top floors perimeters, during those first, three seconds of measurements.
And Chandler's WTC-1N tower graph indicates that in the first three seconds, there's no BUILD-UP of resistance.
As is normal for a natural collapse.
As is demonstrated in the French demolition which was executed without explosions, but with hydraulic jacks that pressed/scattered all the columns at one floor halfway up the total height of that building. To force a natural collapse.
In that French graph we see already after 1 second that the upper parts meet INCREASING deceleration. Shown by an upwards dip in Chandler's collapse graph line. (see my signature LINKS French demolition video)
There is a constant 0.67 % of G acceleration speed,
as if there is the same resistance
That can only be achieved by explosives which cut/displaced the core columns,
Why is the whole intact roof rim also sinking down as one intact entity?
According to your above quote, the columns were not involved in the collapse mechanism initiation.
originally posted by: LaBTop
I would also like to ad the missing glass from the 68,000 windows. (LT : actually 43,600)
We should expect to find HUGE amounts of broken glass, and shards of it, in the two rubble piles.
Thus we may expect to find lots of broken THICK glass pieces still embedded in those Vierendeel triplet panels.
If it was a NATURAL collapse.
Another part of the building many people noticed not literally everywhere as it should
have been, was the window glass. Of course it shattered, but listen to this:
“I went to the NYC Police Museum today to verify that the article and accompanying
text were genuine. They are, indeed. Furthermore, there were a few shards of glass,
with the following text, which I copied down:
'Glass was a rare find at Ground Zero, where these shards were recovered. The
collapse and fires pulverized and melted most of the glass from the Twin Towers
43,600 windows.' - Metamars, Jan. 8, 2009 at the 9/11 Forum
There were 600,000 square feet of glass in the two towers, according to Robert
Krulwich, ABC News (aired 9/13 at 7:35 p.m.)
More about the glass: “Powerful gusts can shatter windows, so for the sake of safety
tempered glass eight times stronger than needed was specified. Planners designed the
towers to withstand prolonged winds of 150 miles per hour.” (Angus Gillespie, Ibid., p. 81.)
“The twenty-two-inch spaces between the columns are for the windows, which are recessed
ten inches in order to shade them from all but direct sunlight. The architect specified a
bronze-tinted, heat-reflective glass for the 43,600 windows.” (Gillespie, Ibid., p. 108.) The
glass itself was eighteen and a half inches wide. The 107th floor of the north tower had 30-inch
wide windows, for the Windows on the World restaurant. Likewise, “extra-wide windows” were
needed for the interior observation deck of the South Tower. (Ibid., p. 216.)
The windows spanned from just above the floor to the ceiling. The foot-high air vents
ran the length of the floor. (See them in this video [mirror], source: NIST FOIA,
911datasets.org release 30, 42A0353 – G30D7.) Gillespie estimates the surface area of the
towers to be about 30% glass (p. 165), as opposed to the predominant style of modern
architecture known as the “International Style,” which uses on average about 60% glass... like
WTC Building 7, whose glass was also a part of the WTC dust.
plywood dust. Formed in those TB explosions clouds.
Silicate, or SiO2, is mixed with other materials to lower the melting point of glass to
about 1500ーC (2700ーF) – see en.wikipedia.org... – so if the NYPD Museum and
the above photo are correct and the glass did melt, then there were some extraordinarily hot
temps going on. WTC fire temperature: 1000ーC (NIST faqs [7]).
USG S [emphasis added]: “Glass shards, fragments, and spheres are also present
in the dust samples. The microscopic glass shards and fragments are less abundant than
the ubiquitous slag wool fibers in the fine dust ( 90%) of glass spheres, generally less than 500 μm in
diameter, are of slag wool composition.” So that 10% found in the dust... makes me wonder.
Glass was found mostly by mechanical means, when the Fresh Kills shaker screens
separated the debris into different size classes. (See above.) “Upon their collapse, the twin
towers were literally pulverized. Workers at the Staten Island Landfill reported not finding
glass pieces larger than three inches.” (U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers website [cached])
To find the glass, one had to look in the dust.
“Small shards of glass containing mostly silica and
magnesium were also found.[...]
This cloud comprised a complex mix of pollutants, among
them the products of combustion of 91,000 L jet fuel,
pulverized building materials, cement dust, asbestos,
microscopic shards of glass, silica, heavy metals, and
numerous organic compounds....”
- Maoxin Wu, et. al., “Case Report: Lung Disease in
World Trade Center Responders Exposed to Dust and
Smoke: Carbon Nanotubes Found in the Lungs of World
Trade Center Patients and Dust Samples,” EHP, Dec.
2009. [emphasis added]
The WTC dust was composed of 40 percent glass
fiber, according to one of the most comprehensive
studies done. (Paul J. Lioy, et. al., “Characterization of the Dust/Smoke Aerosol that Settled East of the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan after the Collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001,”
Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, Number 7, July 2002.)
“The dust also contained a large amount of an unusual material: glass fibers. Both towers were
110 stories high and had 880 stories of windows in total since there were 110 stories with four walls
times two sides of windows. These windows had been crushed by the collapse of the towers.
These were different than other materials since the glass windows disintegrated into fibrous
dust as well as glass chards [sic].”
- Paul J. Lioy, Dust: The Inside Story of Its Role in the September 11th Aftermath, Rowman &
Littlefield, New York, 2010, p. 96.
“[O]ver 50 percent of the mass of the WTC dust was made up of the cement and carbonaceous
materials. (Carbon is the fourth most abundant element found in inorganic and organic forms.) As
part of the carbonaceous materials, there were significant quantities of cellulose (paper). Most of the
rest of the mass was made up of the glass fiber materials. Some of the glass fibers were formed
from the disintegration of glass windows. Other fibers released during the collapse would have
been part of interior wall board and ceiling tiles. Some of the fibers were characterized as slag wool
and would become known as a specific and identifiable component of the WTC dust.”
- Paul J. Lioy, Ibid., pp. 96-97.
“The fibrous material was composed of disintegrated material that was present in building interiors
or on the exterior. As time went on, we would call a large portion of it slag wool, based on work by
the United States Geological Survey. However, there were other types of fibers that became of
interest, including glass. The composition of the nonfibrous portion of the dust is simple to
understand....” - Paul J. Lioy, Ibid., p. 101.
...as opposed to the abundant, microscopic fibers of glass which is hard to understand,
right? See my article "Glass a 'Rare Find' at Ground Zero" for even more on this topic.
Previously seen melted glass (silicate, not
necessarily window glass) also contained iron
particles, as described by investigator Mark Basile in
his WTC dust study. (“ 9/11 Dust Raises Questions ,”
Lancaster, New Hampshire on June 26th, 2010.)
Silicates should not have been magnetic, but were.
Basile made an interesting point that the
majority of his dust sample's iron spheres were not
from A36 structural steel. (See his video at 35:30.)
This has agreed with the photographic record, which
has found little evidence of melted beams. Steel
cubicle partitions and filing cabinets, maybe. Still:
“Pieces of steel have also been found that were
apparently melted and vaporized not solely because
of the heat of fires, but also because of a corrosive
contaminant that was somehow released in the
conflagrations.” (James Glanz and Eric Lipton, “A
Search for Clues In Towers' Collapse; Engineers
Volunteer to Examine Steel Debris Taken to Scrapyards,” New York Times, Feb. 2, 2002.)
Where this has been found (in one instance for example), it originated from WTC Building 7.
The U.S. House Committee on Science reported, in March 2002:
“In the month that lapsed between the terrorist attacks and the deployment of the
[FEMA] BPAT team, a significant amount of steel debris – including most of the steel
from the upper floors – was removed from the rubble pile, cut into smaller sections, and
either melted at the recycling plant or shipped out of the U.S.. Some of the critical
pieces of steel – including the suspension trusses from the top of the towers and the
internal support columns – were gone before the first BPAT team member ever
reached the site.” 54 (Report from the Committee on Science, US House of
Representatives, March 6, 2002)
The sequence, from memory, goes something like this:
1- impact damage redistributes gravity loads and removes fire protection
2- fires heat the core columns and they creep shorten, removing load from them
3- core loads are redistributed through the hat truss onto ext columns, which are also being heated by fire
4- fire is causing the floor trusses to sag in the middle, causing a pull in on the ext columns
5- the combined effects of fire, truss pull in, and increased loads via the hat truss cause the ext columns to bend
6- the ext column bending cause them to shorten and the hat truss transfers loads back to the core columns
7- the core columns continue to creep shorten
8- the bending continues until the ext columns completely buckle
9- loads from the now buckled ext columns are redistributed back onto the core completely
10-NOW the core columns buckle and the antenna begins moving
11- the hat truss moves loads to the other ext columns, but they cannot hold the load
12- global collapse begins and the upper part tilts, which means that all columns cannot be aligned now, thus rendering any analysis by Chandler to be not valid.
The hat truss structure strengthened the core structure, unified the core and perimeter structures, and helped to support the large antenna mounted atop the North Tower. The hat truss, which contained both horizontal and sloping I-beams, connected core columns to each other, and connected the core to the perimeter walls. Most the beams connected core columns to each other, while a set of sixteen horizontal and sloping beams spanned the distance the core and perimeter walls. Eight of these, the outrigger trusses, connected the corners of the core to the perimeter walls, while another eight connected the centers of the core's periphery to the perimeter walls.
The hat trusses are central to the "probable collapse sequence" described by NIST's Final Report on the Twin Towers. It blames the hat truss for transferring "column instability" between the core structures and the perimeter walls. In other words, it asserts that reinforcing structures caused the Towers to self-destruct. Its section entitled "Results of Global Analysis" describes the "structural deterioration" of the North Tower as follows:
6.14.2 Results of Global Analysis of WTC 1 : NIST theory :
After the aircraft impact, gravity loads that were previously carried by severed columns were redistributed to other columns. The north wall lost about 7 percent of its loads after impact. Most of the load was transferred by the hat truss, and the rest was redistributed to the adjacent exterior walls by spandrels. Due to the impact damage and the tilting of the building to the north after impact, the south wall also lost gravity load, and about 7 percent was transferred by the hat truss. As a result, the east and west walls and the core gained the redistributed loads through the hat truss.
Structural steel expands when heated. In the early stages of the fire, structural temperatures in the core rose, and the resulting thermal expansion of the core was greater than the thermal expansion of the (cooler) exterior walls. About 20 min. after the aircraft impact, the difference in the thermal expansion between the core and exterior walls, which was resisted by the hat truss, caused the core column loads to increase. As the fires continued to heat the core areas without insulation, the columns were thermally weakened and shortened and began to transfer their loads to the exterior walls through the hat truss until the south wall started to bow inward. At about 100 min, approximately 20 percent of the core loads were transferred by the hat truss to the exterior walls due to thermal weakening of the core; the north and south walls each gained about 10 percent more loads, and the east and west walls each gained about 25 percent higher loads. Since the hat truss outriggers to the east and west walls were stiffer than the outriggers to the north and south walls, they transferred more loads to the east and west exterior walls.
The inward bowing of the south wall caused failure of exterior column splices and spandrels, and these columns became unstable. The instability spread horizontally across the entire south face. The south wall, now unable to bear its gravity loads, redistributed these loads to the thermally weakened core through the hat truss and to the east and west walls through the spandrels. The building section above the impact zone began tilting to the south as the columns on the east and west walls rapidly became unable to carry the increased loads. This further increased the gravity loads on the core columns. Once the upper building section began to move downwards, the weakened structure in the impact and fire zone was not able to absorb the tremendous energy of the falling building section and global collapse ensued.
Reference :
Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers, nist.gov, , page 144-5 (PDF pages 194-5)
IV. FAILURE OF THE NIST SCENARIO
( LT : Lots of mathematical discussion and equations, drawings and diagrams, followed by this : )
--snip--
This means that in each building the collapse initiation and duration are consistent with the NIST(μ x ν) scenario being applied to the perimeter columns (PCs) only, while the stronger core columns (CCs) are not present at all. This in turn implies that the NIST scenario is incomplete: the collapse of the buildings to the ground requires yet another damaging event, the sole purpose of which is a destruction of the CCs in the secondary zone. We label this damaging event the “wave of massive destruction” (WMD), because of its catastrophic nature.
Interestingly, the avalanche we have discussed so far can only appear in its wake, and is thus a result of the “wave of massive destruction” (WMD) rather then the other way around.
V. CONCLUSION
We have determined the static and the dynamic features of a progressive collapse in the WTCs using the structural properties of the building and the mathematical models of the avalanche propagation. We have formally expressed the destruction scenarios proposed by NIST as a sequence of damaging events in the primary (or impact) zone of each building, which leave the secondary zone (below) intact. We have shown that the static and dynamic features of collapse are mutually consistent. On the other hand, we have demonstrated that the NIST scenarios are inconsistent with the structural parameters of the building.
More precisely, the features of the avalanche propagation ( initiation and duration ) indicate that in their final moments the buildings did not have the core columns (CCs).
We conclude that the buildings did not perish because of combined mechanical and heat damage to their primary zones, but because of yet another catastrophic event: a wave of massive destruction (WMD) that destroyed the CCs, following which the buildings collapsed to the ground.
--snip--
We get 1p = 0.025 KSI for WTC 1, and 2p = 0.05 KSI for WTC 2, which is three orders of magnitude smaller than the nominal 36-100 KSI (ultimate 58-110 KSI) the vertical columns were able to maintain while yielding in plastic deformation.
Bazant et al.(10) argued that an avalanche propagating through the primary zone would get sufficiently compacted so that it could provide necessary pressure.
We see two insurmountable problems with this suggestion.
First, the avalanche front can only “grow” thicker - it cannot expand laterally in such a fashion that would allow its edges to be strong enough to crush the vertical columns.
Second, for compaction to happen the floor material has to be compressed between two solid surfaces, and we see that there are no such surfaces on either end of the avalanche front. In fact, the strength of the vertical columns will redirect the avalanche (which now consists only of destroyed floor material) to the region in-between the columns. The formation of such avalanche is promoted by the relative weakness of the floors, the resistive force f of which is f ~ 0.02,(16) per each floor, as compared to the resistive force of the intact vertical columns, fCC + fPC ~/= 0.8 + 2.7 x z.
However, this is a slow compression of the column (the velocity of the source of compression is much smaller than the sound velocity in the steel) so the stress has time to propagate throughout the whole column causing the strain to do the same.
--snipped formulas--
We leave it as an exercise to the reader to show that these distances are sufficient to stop the fall of the top section even if one makes a radical assumption that the avalanche propagated through the primary zone without resistance (r = s = 0).
--snipped formula--
We find 1λ = 0.013 for WTC 1, and 2λ = 0.029 for WTC 2,which are considerably smaller then their yield strains λy’s . Thus, contrary to the NIST claim, the total plastic deformation of the intact vertical columns in the secondary zone was more than sufficient to arrest the fall of the top section.
originally posted by: waypastvne
originally posted by: LaBTop
: over 60 to 72 miles/sec.
That is 337 x the speed of sound.
Exceeding the speed of sound produces a bang,
Exceeding the speed of sound by 337 times produces a big bang.
Where is the bang ?