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Originally posted by Code 3
In other words, Einstein, why do you believe that is it that it is ok for cirrus clouds to persist, but not for contrails.
Yes to all of the above, you seem to have quite a problem with perception dont you Howard.
Also, Howard you dont know what you are talking about!
The ices crystals from hot jet exhaust or like in world war 2, when B-17's Pratt and Whitney recipical engines produced contrails at altitude. P-47 thunderbolts did it at altitude as did the Russian Yak. Or the Rolls Royce merlin in the P-51. On and on, the point is just like your breath in cold weather, the crystals are very small compared to natural cloud formation.
Limited measurements from highflying aircraft in tropical cirrus clouds, which can extend to as high as 15-18 km, illustrate that their ice crystal size ranges from about 10 μm to 2000 μm with four predominant shapes: bullet rosettes, aggregates, hollow columns, and plates, similar to those occurring in midlatitudes.
. . .
contrails were found to predominantly consist of bullet rosettes, columns, and plates with sizes ranging from about 1 μm to about 100 μm.
Heymsfield and Aulenbach, along with Glen Sachse (NASA Langley Research Center) and Paul Lawson (SPEC, Inc.) extended their analysis of data from the SUCCESS project (Subsonic aircraft: Contrail & Cloud Effects Special Study), sponsored by NASA to examine the relationship of persistent contrail development on the ambient relative humidity field. In one instance, the NASA DC-8, which collected the microphysical data, produced a contrail at a temperature of -52°C, generated a contrail and then sampled the resulting contrail for over an hour. In this instance, the contrail developed ice streamers (precipitation trails) which contained ice particles hundreds of microns long that descended up to 1 km during the observational period.
These researchers found that inside the contrail core, ice particles remained relatively small due to high crystal concentrations (~ 10 cm -3) which reduced the vapor density to ice saturation. Mixing of moist environmental air and vapor-depleted contrail air produced localized regions of ice supersaturations along the contrail periphery where contrail crystals grew large enough to fall from the contrail into the vapor-rich environment below. As the heavier crystals left the contrail, a stochastic selection process caused others to move into the regions of ice supersaturation. As this process continued over time, it produced precipitation trails. In effect, the contrail core acted as a source of ice crystals, the contrail periphery acted as a growth region, and the environment provided a continuous source of vapor for particle growth.
Measurements of contrail particles with impactors and optical probes (see also Section 3.2.4 and Table 3-1) reveal a wide variety of size, shape, and spectral size distributions. The results depend on plume age, ambient humidity, ambient aerosol, and other parameters. At a plume age of 30 to 70 s, ice particles have been found to form a single-mode log-normal size distribution with a volume-equivalent radius in the range of 0.02 to 10 µm, a mean radius of about 2 µm, and maximum dimension of 22 µm. Particle shapes are mainly hexagonal plates, along with columns and triangles. The axial ratios of the columns were found to be less than 2, and the shapes of the crystals were already established for particles of about 1-µm radius (Goodman et al., 1998). Contrail particle sizes increase with time in humid air. Ice particles observed in 2-min-old contrails typically have radii of 2 to 5 µm with shapes that are almost spherical, indicating frozen solution droplets (Schröder et al., 1998b). On the other hand, some contrail particles strongly polarize light, indicating non-spherical shapes (Freudenthaler et al., 1996; Sassen, 1997). After 10 min to 1 h, contrail particle size distributions may range from 32 to 100 µm or even 75 µm to 2 mm (Knollenberg, 1972; Strauss et al., 1997).
Particle properties within a contrail core differ from those at the edges of the contrail. In the center of contrails, insufficient water vapor is available to allow the large number of ice particles to grow to large crystals. At the edges, ice supersaturation is greater, thereby sometimes allowing ice crystals to form up to 300 µm in diameter (Heymsfield et al., 1998a). The larger particles have various shapes, with the largest being bullet rosettes (Lawson et al., 1998). Such large particles are within the natural variability of cirrus particle sizes. As a consequence, old dispersed contrails appear to have particle sizes similar to those in surrounding cirrus (Duda et al., 1998; Minnis et al., 1998a).
Originally posted by Code 3
This is why clouds produce rain, snow, ice and sleet.
You ever see a contrail rain!?!
Perchlorate
Perchlorate is a compound found in natural deposits and is also manufactured for various industrial purposes, mainly as a propellant for jet fuel. A recently published paper suggests it may also be present in fertilizer. However, subsequent scientific work disputes these findings. In fact, it appears perchlorate does not appear in fertilizer, except for a small amount of products that come from some natural deposits in Chile. The Fertilizer Institute is working with EPA on a definitive testing program to finally determine if there is any perchlorate in fertilizer.
What is perchlorate?
Perchlorate is both a naturally occurring and man-made chemical. Most of the perchlorate manufactured in the United States is used as the primary ingredient of solid rocket propellant. Wastes from the manufacture and improper disposal of perchlorate-containing chemicals are increasingly being discovered in soil and water.
Does my water contain perchlorate?
There have been confirmed perchlorate releases in at least 25 states throughout the United States. EPA, other federal agencies, states, water suppliers and industry are working to address perchlorate contamination through monitoring for perchlorate in drinking water and source water and developing treatment technologies that can remove perchlorate from drinking water.
Originally posted by Legalizer
Did any of the articles say what the source of Perchlorate was?
Perchlorate is a jet fuel additive.
The Fertilizer Institute
Perchlorate
Perchlorate is a compound found in natural deposits and is also manufactured for various industrial purposes, mainly as a propellant for jet fuel. A recently published paper suggests it may also be present in fertilizer. However, subsequent scientific work disputes these findings. In fact, it appears perchlorate does not appear in fertilizer, except for a small amount of products that come from some natural deposits in Chile. The Fertilizer Institute is working with EPA on a definitive testing program to finally determine if there is any perchlorate in fertilizer.
Perchlorate salts are used in a variety of industrial applications, but most significantly as oxidizers or oxygen sources in solid propellant for rockets, missiles, and fireworks. Perchlorate salts are also used in air bag inflators.
I'm a 32 year old IT Manager with a degree in Industrial Science and Technology.
BTW you don't lead a sheep by the nose, you're thinking of bulls. Get your analogies right at least.
Originally posted by Code 3
My point is that it was without a doubt at to low an altitude to leave a normal hot exhaust induced contrail.
[edit on 29-3-2005 by Code 3]
But your really don't know for sure, do you?
There is only one reliable, inexpensive method to determine the altitude, flight explorer.
Oh, and the weather conditions at ground lever are irrelevant at high altitudes.
Originally posted by Code 3
But your really don't know for sure, do you?
There is only one reliable, inexpensive method to determine the altitude, flight explorer.
Oh, and the weather conditions at ground lever are irrelevant at high altitudes.
This is the exact reason why you are one of the three stooges that are on my ignore list Howy, it is like chasing your tail.
The only thing you can do is put a spin on someones statement. Firstly, you cannot know EXACT altitude from the type of visual I described, but you CAN determine that it is flying to low for contrail formation. You ever look at how small and to what level of detail you can determine when an aircraft is flying at 28,000 feet and above? It is never seen like aircraft that are flying at about 16,000 to 18,000 feet, I came to that conclusion from my experience in seeing aircraft, size detail level amount of haze and a number of determining factors in propeller driven aircraft at there max altitude. This particular craft was not much higher than what you would see a cessna 182 flying at.
About ground conditions. Of course the temperture is going to be vastly different, but when you have perfect visibilty with a blue sky and are experincing snow/water evaperation and the humidity is at 62% that humidity level is not going to be changing much at altitude, in fact it is more than liklely going to be lower at altitude on that particular day.
About flight explorer. If I had used that as an argument you would have spun what I said in some other direction, there is not any way to discuss this with you or the other two in your comedy team. Please stick to the slapstick you three stooges made famous, its much more entertaining. This tail chasing literal line by line picking apart someones posts is getting very old, but that is your technic you use, blow all this psycho-bable back at the poster until they are so frustrated with chasing around in a circle jerk the person doesnt even want to post anymore.