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Absorption of RFR depends on many factors including the transmission frequency and the intensity, the duration of exposure, and one’s distance from the source. Other factors include an organism’s size, shape, water content, and orientation toward the radiating source. Children, for instance, absorb energy differently than adults.
The term used to describe the absorption of radiofrequency radiation is "specific absorption rate" or SAR, which is the rate of energy that is actually absorbed. Specific absorption rates are measured in watts per kilogram (W/kg) of tissue.
Specific absorption rates are a more reliable determinant and index of RFR biological effects than are power densities because SARs reflect what is actually being absorbed rather than an energy quotient in space.
In addition to SARs, there are some indications that biological effects may also depend on how energy is deposited in the body. Different propagation characteristics such as ‘modulation,’ or different wave-forms and shapes may have different effects on a living system. For example, the same amount of energy can be delivered to tissue "continuously" or "in short pulses". Different biological effects may result depending on the type, kind, and duration of the exposure.
There are flaws and important gaps in the RFR research. The majority of the studies on RFR have been conducted with short-term exposures, i.e. a few minutes to several hours. Little is known about the effects of long-term exposure such as would be experienced by people living near telecommunications installations, especially with exposures spanning months or years. What are the effects of long-term exposure? Does long-term exposure produce different effects from short-term exposure? Do effects accumulate over time?
There is some evidence that effects of RFR do accumulate over time. Here are some examples:
Phillips et al. [1998] reported DNA damage in cells after 24 hours of exposure to low intensity RFR. DNA damage can lead to gene mutation, which accumulates over time.
Magras and Xenos [1999] reported that mice exposed to low-intensity RFR became less reproductive. After five generations of exposure, the mice were not able to produce offspring. This shows that the effect of RFR can pass from one generation to another.
Persson et al. [1997] reported an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice when the energy deposited in the body exceeded 1.5 J/kg (joule per kilogram) -- a measurement of the total amount of energy deposited. This suggests that a short-term/high intensity exposure can produce the same effect as a long-term/low intensity exposure. This is another indication that RFR effects can accumulate over time.
There is some indication that an animal becomes more sensitive to the radiation after long-term exposure. Let us consider two of the critical experiments that contributed to the present U.S. RFR-exposure standards -- the "Behavior-Disruption Experiments" carried out in the 1980s:
In the first experiment, de Lorge and Ezell [1980] trained rats on an "auditory observing-response task". In the task, an animal was presented with two bars. Pressing the right bar would produce either a low-pitch or a high-pitch tone for half a second. The low-pitch tone signaled an "unrewarded" situation and the animal was expected to do nothing. However, when the high-pitch tone was on, pressing the left bar would produce a food reward.
Thus, the task required continuous vigilance in which an animal had to coordinate its motor responses according to the stimulus presented in order to get a reward by choosing between a high pitch or low pitch tone. After learning the task, rats were then irradiated with 1280-MHz or 5620-MHz RFR during performance. Disruption of behavior (i.e., the rats couldn't perform very well) was observed at a SAR of 3.75 W/kg for 1280-MHz and 4.9 W/kg for 5620-MHz. Disruption occurred within 30-60 minutes of exposure.