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Funny I want to talk about the actual collapse initiation and you keep changing the subject....
Good for you, I hope you find what you are looking for to make sense of all this. I have a lot of disagreements with your current perspective of events and doing more homework sounds like a good idea.
As for how the building started to collapse, something happened to compromise the core support structures of the building. The plane strike when it hit was not enough to do this. The subsequent office and fuel fire was not enough to do this either.
After the planes struck the buildings, but before the buildings collapsed, the cores of both towers consisted of three distinct sections. Above and below the impact floors, the cores consisted of what were essentially two rigid boxes; the steel in these sections was undamaged and had undergone no significant heating. The section between them, however, had sustained significant damage and, though they were not hot enough to melt it, the fires were weakening the structural steel.
As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed, sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight of floors above. As the top section tried to move downward, however, the hat truss redistributed the load to the perimeter columns. Meanwhile, the perimeter columns and floors were also being weakened by the heat of the fires, and as the floors began to sag they pulled the exterior walls inwards. "The ensuing loss in vertical load-carrying capacity was confined to a few storeys but extended over the entire cross section of each tower."[26] In the case of 2 WTC, the eastern face finally buckled, transferring its loads back to the failing core through the hat truss and initiating the collapse. Later, the south wall of 1 WTC buckled in the same way, and with similar consequences.[27]
en.m.wikipedia.org...
Please list actual published work by Richard Gage that has undergone independent third party peer review concerning the works trade centure.
Joining a group is not peer review.
After the planes struck the buildings, but before the buildings collapsed, the cores of both towers consisted of three distinct sections. Above and below the impact floors, the cores consisted of what were essentially two rigid boxes; the steel in these sections was undamaged and had undergone no significant heating. The section between them, however, had sustained significant damage and, though they were not hot enough to melt it, the fires were weakening the structural steel.
As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed, sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight of floors above. As the top section tried to move downward, however, the hat truss redistributed the load to the perimeter columns. Meanwhile, the perimeter columns and floors were also being weakened by the heat of the fires, and as the floors began to sag they pulled the exterior walls inwards. "The ensuing loss in vertical load-carrying capacity was confined to a few storeys but extended over the entire cross section of each tower."[26] In the case of 2 WTC, the eastern face finally buckled, transferring its loads back to the failing core through the hat truss and initiating the collapse. Later, the south wall of 1 WTC buckled in the same way, and with similar consequences.[27]
en.m.wikipedia.org...
If you really want to know just exactly what type and system was used then Larry Silverstein would be a good place to start,
You only have innuendo by taking something out of context in a scenario that has no evidence, and makes zero sense.
originally posted by: kwakakev
a reply to: neutronflux
You only have innuendo by taking something out of context in a scenario that has no evidence, and makes zero sense.
If you cannot see past the deception around Larry saying 'Pull it', I am not surprised you have some many questions about it all. If you cannot work out who is telling lies and misrepresenting things around this one I do not see you making any progress any time soon.
After the planes struck the buildings, but before the buildings collapsed, the cores of both towers consisted of three distinct sections. Above and below the impact floors, the cores consisted of what were essentially two rigid boxes; the steel in these sections was undamaged and had undergone no significant heating. The section between them, however, had sustained significant damage and, though they were not hot enough to melt it, the fires were weakening the structural steel.
As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed, sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight of floors above. As the top section tried to move downward, however, the hat truss redistributed the load to the perimeter columns. Meanwhile, the perimeter columns and floors were also being weakened by the heat of the fires, and as the floors began to sag they pulled the exterior walls inwards. "The ensuing loss in vertical load-carrying capacity was confined to a few storeys but extended over the entire cross section of each tower."[26] In the case of 2 WTC, the eastern face finally buckled, transferring its loads back to the failing core through the hat truss and initiating the collapse. Later, the south wall of 1 WTC buckled in the same way, and with similar consequences.[27]
en.m.wikipedia.org...
“Pull it” is not a term used with explosives.
As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed, sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight of floors above
It is a term used with controlled demolitions.
www.bastison.net...
Is “Pull” Used by Demolitions Professionals to Mean “Demolish a Structure With Explosives?”
Brent Blanchard, a demolitions expert with Protec, and contributor to ImplosionWorld.com, weighs in with his expert opinion:
We have never once heard the term 'pull it' being used to refer to the explosive demolition of a building, and neither has any blast team we've spoken with. The term is used in conven- tional demolition circles, to describe the specific activity of attaching long cables to a pre- weakened building and maneuvering heavy equipment (excavators, bulldozers etc) to 'pull' the frame of the structure over onto its side for further dismantlement. This author and our research team were on site when workers pulled over the six story remains of WTC6 in late fall 2001, however we can say with certainty that a similar operation would have been logistically impossible at Ground Zero on 9/11, physically impossible for a building the size of WTC7, and the structure did not collapse in that manner anyway
Is “Pull” Ever Used to Mean “Withdraw Firefighters from Danger?” Yes.
It certainly was used that way on 9/11. Again and again, “pull” is how firefighters and EMTs describe the afternoon withdrawal from the area in and around WTC 7. In the accounts I’ve read, excluding Larry Sil- verstein’s, “pull” is used 26 times to refer to the withdrawal of WTC firefighting operations. 23 of those references are about WTC 7. Add Silverstein’s statement and we’ve got 28 references to “pull” meaning “withdraw.” Details are in the appendix. My survey was by no means exhaustive.
Here’s a summary of the first-person accounts I’ve read:
People who specifically mention the severity of the WTC 7 fires 35 People who specifically mention the extensive damage to WTC 7 25 People who mention the FDNY order to withdraw from WTC 7 area 93
Number of times “Pull” is used to mean “withdraw rescuers” Number of people who use “Pull” to mean “withdraw rescuers” Other witnesses who say the collapse of WTC 7 was expected
29 16 29
Total 211
Doubters, please read the following accounts. Names in bold are those whom the accounts indicate gave orders to withdraw from the area around WTC 7.
7 World Trade Center was roaring. I remember being pulled off the pile like just before. It wasn't just before. It was probably an hour before 7 came down. –Firefighter Kevin Howe
graphics8.nytimes.com...
Hayden: By now, this is going on into the afternoon, and we were concerned about additional collapse, not only of the Marriott, because there was a good portion of the Marriott still standing, but also we were pretty sure that 7 World Trade Center would collapse. Early on, we saw a bulge in the southwest corner between floors 10 and 13, and we had put a transit on that and we were pretty sure she was going to col- lapse. You actually could see there was a visible bulge, it ran up about three floors. It came down about 5 o’clock in the afternoon, but by about 2 o’clock in the afternoon we realized this thing was going to col- lapse. ""
Firehouse Magazine: Was there heavy fire in there right away?
Hayden: No, not right away, and that’s probably why it stood for so long because it took a while for that fire to develop. It was a heavy body of fire in there and then we didn’t make any attempt to fight it. That was just one of those wars we were just going to lose. We were concerned about the collapse of a 47- story building there. We were worried about additional collapse there of what was remaining standing of the towers and the Marriott, so we started pulling the people back after a couple of hours of surface re- moval and searches along the surface of the debris. We started to pull guys back because we were con- cerned for their safety. ""
Firehouse: Chief Nigro said they made a collapse zone and wanted everybody away from number 7— did you have to get all of those people out?
Hayden: Yeah, we had to pull everybody back. It was very difficult. We had to be very forceful in get- ting the guys out.
www.bastison.net...
This is false. The building was not made of plastic
Compressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to which withstands loads tending to elongate. In other words, compressive strength resists being pushed together, whereas tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently.
Some materials fracture at their compressive strength limit; others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for design of structures.
en.m.wikipedia.org...
Compressive strength refers to the ability of a certain material or structural element to withstand loads that reduce the size of that material, or structural element, when applied. A force is applied to the top and bottom of a test sample, until the sample fractures or is deformed.
Materials such as concrete and rock are often evaluated using a compressive strength test and in these cases, fracturing occurs.
Materials such as steel can also be tested for compressive strength, and in the case of ductile materials, deformation tends to occur. Initially, a ductile material will accommodate the applied load by adjusting it’s internal structure– a process referred to as plastic flow.
Once the deformation is concentrated in one area, the plastic flow stops and the material breaks. For ductile metals, tensile strength is usually the preferred indicator for measurement and comparison. This is because tensile stress measures the forces needed to pull a material apart, which is better suited to the plastic flow phenomenon.
ntroduction
F. Abe, in Creep-Resistant Steels, 2008
1.1 Definition of creep
Plastic deformation is irreversible and it consists of time-dependent and time-independent components. In general, creep refers to the time-dependent component of plastic deformation. This means that creep is a slow and continuous plastic deformation of materials over extended periods under load. Although creep can take place at all temperatures above absolute zero Kelvin, traditionally creep has been associated with time-dependent plastic deformation at elevated temperatures, often higher than roughly 0.4Tm, where Tm is the absolute melting temperature, because diffusion can assist creep at elevated temperatures. For detailed description of mechanical equation of state, creep behavior of metals and alloys, dislocation motion during creep, mechanisms of creep, creep damage and fracture, the reader is referred to standard text books on creep.1-6
www.sciencedirect.com...
Effect of temperature on creep in ASTM A572 high-strength low-alloy steels
link.springer.com...
Abstract
Creep deformations that occur at high temperature can significantly influence the fire response of steel structures. There is limited data on the effect of temperature on creep deformations in structural steel used in construction applications. This paper presents an investigation into temperature induced creep in high-strength low-alloy ASTM A572 steel commonly used in structural members. A set of creep tests is carried out at various stress levels in 400–800 °C range which is commonly encountered temperature range in structures subjected to fires. Results from these creep tests indicate that temperature has significant influence on the level of creep deformations in ASTM A572 steel, especially when the temperature exceeds 500 °C. The extent of creep deformation at a given temperature increases with stress level and the effect can be substantial at 550 °C when the stress level exceeds 50 % of room temperature yield stress. But creep deformations can rapidly rise beyond 800 °C even for low stress levels of about 10–15 % of room temperature yield stress.
Creep (deformation)
In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long periods and generally increases as they near their melting point.
en.m.wikipedia.org...(deformation)
After the planes struck the buildings, but before the buildings collapsed, the cores of both towers consisted of three distinct sections. Above and below the impact floors, the cores consisted of what were essentially two rigid boxes; the steel in these sections was undamaged and had undergone no significant heating. The section between them, however, had sustained significant damage and, though they were not hot enough to melt it, the fires were weakening the structural steel.
As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed, sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight of floors above. As the top section tried to move downward, however, the hat truss redistributed the load to the perimeter columns. Meanwhile, the perimeter columns and floors were also being weakened by the heat of the fires, and as the floors began to sag they pulled the exterior walls inwards. "The ensuing loss in vertical load-carrying capacity was confined to a few storeys but extended over the entire cross section of each tower."[26] In the case of 2 WTC, the eastern face finally buckled, transferring its loads back to the failing core through the hat truss and initiating the collapse. Later, the south wall of 1 WTC buckled in the same way, and with similar consequences.[27]
en.m.wikipedia.org...
originally posted by: kwakakev
a reply to: neutronflux
I disagree with those findings as the cause for the complete destruction of the towers. I know some have used it to argue for Larry's payout on the buildings as he got his money. Looks like one big con job from here.
I disagree with those findings as the cause for the complete destruction of the towers.
Fifteen years after the World Trade Center attacks, the estimated cost of rebuilding the entire site remains somewhat of a mystery, hovering somewhere between $14 billion and $16 billion — or maybe more.
therealdeal.com...