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The Vietnam War presented the United States military courts with more cases of the "I was only following orders" defense than any previous conflict. The decisions during these cases reaffirmed that following manifestly illegal orders is not a viable defense from criminal prosecution. In United States v. Keenan, the accused (Keenan) was found guilty of murder after he obeyed in order to shoot and kill an elderly Vietnamese citizen. The Court of Military Appeals held that "the justification for acts done pursuant to orders does not exist if the order was of such a nature that a man of ordinary sense and understanding would know it to be illegal." (Interestingly, the soldier who gave Keenan the order, Corporal Luczko, was acquitted by reason of insanity).
Probably the most famous case of the "I was only following orders" defense was the court-martial (and conviction for premeditated murder) of First Lieutenant William Calley for his part in the My Lai Massacre on March 16, 1968. The military court rejected Calley's argument of obeying the order of his superiors. On March 29, 1971, Calley was sentenced to life in prison.
The Mỹ Lai Massacre (Vietnamese: thảm sát Mỹ Lai) was the Vietnam War mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968. It was committed by U.S. Army soldiers from the Company C of the 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, ... Victims included men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated. Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses..
However, when actually putting the same soldier in the middle of a city with unhappy citizens and a trigger happy CO who gives this order things will turn out very different. First, the soldier's years of training to follow orders kicks in. Second, it is the heat of the moment so they won't be utilizing their brain at full capacity either, instead relying on instinct. Third, these soldiers will most likely be deployed to areas of the country where they shouldn't have family or friends. Fourth, the citizens in question will have been vocally demonized by military and government propaganda to make them seem less than human. The result of all this is that many soldiers would end up firing on U.S. citizens if given the order.