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The site was most likely erected by hunter-gatherers in the 10th millennium BCE (c. 12,000 years ago)
Summary and Conclusions
In summary, the simplest explanation for the presence of the plethora of mc’s, some of which appear to possess chemistries and morphologies not found in the natural stone, is that the various ions were in solution and precipitated or geopolymerized relatively rapidly. This comment notwithstanding, we hereby acknowledge that nature is quite resourceful and could have—however unlikely—produced all the microstructures examined herein. We believe, however, that our work presents enough evidence to entertain the possibility that crucial parts of the Great Pyramids are indeed made of reconstituted limestone; only more research will tell. The conclusions reached herein, if confirmed by others on larger samples clearly show that the Ancient Egyptians were not only exceptional civil and architectural engineers but also superb chemists and material scientists. They would also have to be credited with the invention of concrete, thousands of years before the Romans. That a lime-based cement cast and cured at room temperature would survive for 5000 years—while the best our civilization has to offer, Portland cement, which under the best of circumstances lasts 150 years or less—is both awe inspiring and humbling. Lastly, we note that the full implications Fig. 6. Photographs of (a) Vyse’s gash in Khufu’s south face. It is clear that these blocks were most probably not cast, (b) blocks just below the gash; these appear to have been cast. December 2006 Microstructural Evidence of Reconstituted Limestone Blocks 3795of our conclusions to history, in general, and Egyptology, in particular, have not escaped us.
Originally posted by IpsissimusMagus
Sites like Gobekli Tepe are rewriting history as we know it. This site is thought to be more than 4000-6000 years older than the pyramids at Giza. Obviously the ancients had very advanced building techniques and were master stone masons.
Originally posted by bottleslingguy
reply to post by Hanslune
I'm saying if it is discovered that each block was made in a mold independent from the surrounding blocks, we're on a completely different page than the "primitives were actually supermen" theory.
A reliable set of data derived from comprehensive laboratory investigations by petrographers,
materials scientists, and geochemists on a range of actual pyramid samples reveals the truth
about “natural” versus “man-made” origin of pyramid blocks. We should refrain from
postulating a hypothesis based on results from limited investigation with a single study, with
no confirmative support from other studies. Selectively producing results in favor of a
hypothesis on a limited number of samples with questionable provenance from third parties,
or proposing the hypothesis first and then generating results in favor of it are not proper
scientific procedures. The typical alkali-aluminosilicate-based geopolymeric chemistries in
the binder phases of pyramid stones are yet to be discovered.
There is no foreign or manmade constituent found in the “uncontaminated” portion of the Lauer casing stone, which is identical to the quarried limestone in Tura. Detailed results on the actual mineralogy, texture,
composition, and binder chemistry of the limestone in the core blocks, constituting 80 percent
of the mass of the Khufu Pyramid are yet to be published, and should be required before
postulating them to be “man-made”. Also yet to be demonstrated by the proponents of the
“cast-in-place concrete” hypothesis is a synthetic geopolymeric limestone sample that is
similar to the casing stone not only in visual appearance and bulk chemistry but also in
texture, microstructure, minor constituent mineralogy, and especially in calcareous, alkalialuminosilicate-
free binder microchemistry.
Based on a detailed literature survey on this debate and evaluation of all published results in light of this present comprehensive study, it is the author’s opinion that we are far from accepting even as a remote possibility of a “manmade” origin of pyramid stones. It is indeed this absence of any geopolymeric signature in
the pyramid stones, which should encourage re-evaluation of apparent “mysteries” in carving
and hoisting large pyramid blocks, originally offered to support the “man-made” origin.,
Originally posted by Hanslune
It has been found that they haven't,
Originally posted by bottleslingguy
Originally posted by Hanslune
It has been found that they haven't,
where's the proof of that? if the blocks can be separated without having a mirror image of the corresponding block's surface contours, then they were made independently of the other blocks. I also question the simplicity of tamping them by hand without crumbling over time and from the weight on top. Like that one person said you don't just tamp them by hand and have them last this long.
Originally posted by scrounger
Be VERY CAREFUL about putting blind faith in ANY EXPERT.
One they are bound by the limits of their training and (unfortunely) their indoctrination (as in one psychologist believes in young and one in freud). An excellent example is when scientist thought that the smallest particles were electrons, protons and neurons and now we have the study of quarks.
Originally posted by scrounger
The second is a practical example of "experts" saying one thing and being PROVEN WRONG is the humble bumblebee.
Up to about 10 years ago (or so) according to all the experts in aeronautics that something with the wing size in conparison to structure type/size, wing load, thrust potential, ect that a device designed just like a bumblebee COULD NOT FLY.
Source
Indeed, the venerable line about scientists having proved that a bumblebee can't fly appears regularly in magazine and newspaper stories. It's also the kind of item that can come up in a cocktail party conversation when the subject turns to science or technology.
It's even the title of a book, Bumblebees Can't Fly by Barry Siskind, which offers self-help strategies for staying productive in busy, changing times. And Robert Cormier echoes the same idea in the title of his teen book The Bumblebee Flies Anyway.
Often, the statement is made in a distinctly disparaging tone aimed at putting down those know-it-all scientists and engineers who are so smart yet can't manage to understand something that's apparent to everyone else.
The old bumblebee myth simply reflected our poor understanding of unsteady viscous fluid dynamics. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft with their steady, almost inviscid (without viscosity) flow dynamics, insects fly in a sea of vortices, surrounded by tiny eddies and whirlwinds that are created when they move their wings (as quoted in Segelken, 2000, parenthetical item in orig.).
Originally posted by LUXUS
That’s easy, you cast a block then you leave a gap the length of a block and repeat. When those cure you use the sides of the cast blocks as part of the mould to fill in the gap i.e. you just put boards on the faces and no need for boards on the sides. As for boards underneath the blocks...you don’t need them.
Originally posted by rickymouse
reply to post by punkinworks10
The celtic cross looks like a big pully.
Originally posted by Moneyisgodlifeisrented
That's insane to me, makes more sense than the hauling of blocks, the idea alone to think of logistically is so daunting, they had better things to do.
Originally posted by Hanslune
reply to post by Harte
Thanks Harte, when I read that comment I knew it was wrong but hadn't had the time to look up the bumble bee myth
Originally posted by Harte
Ever dabbled in fluid mechanics? I have.
Suffice it to say, it's pretty complicated.
On the other hand, your estimation that bumblebee flight was finally worked out in the last decade or so is spot-on.
Harte