SPETSNAZ (������ ������������ ���������� - �������/Voiska spetsialnogo naznacheniya - spetsnaz, /Specnaz/ in SAMPA) is a general term for "Special
Forces, SpecOps" in Russian, literally 'special purpose units'. In Russian the term is commonly used to denote special forces of all countries, but
in English it is used only for the Russian special forces. In fact, its use in English is usually associated with Russians writing in English or with
writers having pretensions of linguistic authenticity. English media generally refers to them as Russian special forces and, in fact, usually refers
to special forces of any other country by a similar generic term.
Spetsnaz can refer to elite units controlled by the Federal Security Service (FSB) with (counter-terrorist and anti-sabotage tasks, Ministry of
Interior (of the police) MVD, and the army special forces controlled by the military intelligence service GRU.
Strictly speaking all SPETSNAZ units operated by the KGB/FSB are called OSNAZ or osobogo nazhacheniya oron meaning special purpose detachments. This
units were originally raised for internal use against counter-revolutionaries, dissidents and other undesirables. There has always been a certain
amount of shifting of personnel and units between both the GRU who control SPETSNAZ and the MVD with OSNAZ MVD and OZNAZ KGB or FSB, especially
between the latter two.
OSNAZ FSB is thought to include two units, Alpha Group/Spetszgruppe (A) and Vega Team /Spetszgruppe (V) (formerly known as "Vympel"). The Alfa Group
specializes in countering terrorism and organized crime. It is thought to be one of the most respected CT units in the world. A second Alpha type
group may also exist called Beta Group.
The Vega Group is a relatively new unit, made of members of the original "Vega" Group (that used to belong to MVD, before the USSR demise), and
veterans of "Vympel", one of the most feared saboteur group in the Cold War. The new Vega Group is responsible for anti-sabotage operations, mainly
concerned with the security of atomic energy plants.
Spetsnaz MVD also known as Osnaz MVD includes some Interior Troops units, like "Vitjaz", "Rus", "Rosich", "Skif", "Grom", etc. Most of these
are primarily infantry combat units intended for use to combat insurgency, especially in Chechnya, and possibly also to suppress revolts in prisons or
military units, if any are to occur. They are generally believed to be well trained and equipped, being far superior to the regular Russian infantry
that is believed to be poorly trained as of 2004. For example, it is claimed that the unit "Rus" had fought successfully against the rebels in
Chechnya with a casualty ratio of approximately 1 to 200. Their missions may include reconnaissance missions and regular combat operations. They
(especially "Vitjaz") have sometimes served as the back up team during the counter-terrorist operations by team Alfa.
Spetsnaz GRU, or Russian army special forces, are the original SPETSNAZ and are generally considered the best trained units of the Russian military.
They are controlled by the GRU (the Russian military intelligence agency). During the Cold War, these units were deployed in Eastern Europe in order
to carry out reconnaissance and sabotage missions against the NATO forces in the event of a war in Europe. It is claimed that they are one of the best
infantry forces in the world. For instance, it is related that in the mid 1990s, there was a competition in Alaska, USA, of Spetsnaz GRU and US Army
Rangers. The Rangers managed to be first only in one competition - lifting weights. Spetsnaz GRU was better in any other aspect, including running,
target shooting, stealth, etc.
Army GRU are also believed to have one of the best combat divers units in the world. The units of spetsnaz GRU have no official names, such as is the
case with units of Spetsnaz MVD. They are generally referred to by numbers, for example, "18th Brigade of Spetsnaz", much like any other military
unit. Few details are actually known about the operations of Spetsnaz GRU, but it is known that the units were heavily involved in wars in Afghanistan
and Chechnya.
Rumors say that another Russian intelligence agency, SVR (Sluzhba Vneshnej Razvedki, Russian analogue of American CIA) has also its own Spetsnaz unit,
called "Zaslon". but nothing is known about them so far, and the Russian government will not acknowledge the existence of this group
officially
.
At the fall of the Soviet government, each of the Soviet Red Banner Fleets (four total) had a Naval Spetsnaz Brigade assigned to it. It was not known
if they were GRU Spetsnaz or if the were raised by the navy. Current information is unclear.
Russian intelligence agencies, FSB, FPS and the SVR (Sluzhba Vneshnej Razvedki, Russian analogue of American CIA) have their own Osnaz units.
[edit on 18-10-2004 by TheRussianPoljak]