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Sickle-cell disease, usually presenting in childhood, occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaria is or was common. One-third of all indigenous inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa carry the gene,[2] because in areas where malaria is common, there is a fitness benefit in carrying only a single sickle-cell gene (sickle cell trait). Those with only one of the two alleles of the sickle-cell disease, while not totally resistant, are more tolerant to the infection and thus show less severe symptoms when infected.
Lindquist Lab
Work in our lab covers a broad range of topics unified by one theme: the protein-folding problem.
Through biochemistry and genetics we investigate the mechanisms of protein folding and the consequences of misfolding. Because protein-folding problems are universal, we move back and forth between simple and complex organisms (yeast, rodents, and human cells). We investigate how protein conformational changes provide epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance, sculpt phenotypic landscapes, shape evolutionary process, and cause devastating neurodegenerative diseases. We are also making progress in deciphering the enigmatic structures of prions and amyloids. One implication of our work is that the protein-folding problem isn’t always a problem. The very same types of misfoldings that cause dreadful diseases in some circumstances can have beneficial effects in others. The protein-folding problem is as ancient as life itself; it makes sense that evolution would occasionally, perhaps even often, use it to advantage.
Epigenetics in the Extreme: Prions and the Inheritance of Environmentally Acquired Traits
Prions are an unusual form of epigenetics: Their stable inheritance and complex phenotypes come about through protein folding rather than nucleic acid–associated changes. With intimate ties to protein homeostasis and a remarkable sensitivity to stress, prions are a robust mechanism that links environmental extremes with the acquisition and inheritance of new traits.
Prions, protein homeostasis, and phenotypic diversity
Prions are fascinating but often misunderstood protein aggregation phenomena. The traditional association of the mammalian prion protein with disease has over- shadowed a potentially more interesting attribute of prions: their ability to create protein-based molecular memories. In fungi, prions alter the relationship between genotype and phenotype in a heritable way that diver- sifies clonal populations. Recent findings in yeast indicate that prions might be much more common than previously realized. Moreover, prion-driven phenotypic diversity increases under stress, and can be amplified by the dynamic maturation of prion-initiating states. In this report, we suggest that these qualities allow prions to act as ‘bet-hedging’ devices that facilitate the adaptation of yeasts to stressful environments, and might speed the evolution of new traits.
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Protein Homeostasis and the Phenotypic Manifestation of Genetic Diversity: Principles and Mechanisms
Abstract
Changing a single nucleotide in a genome can have profound consequences under some conditions, but the same change can have no con- sequences under others. Indeed, organisms can be surprisingly robust to environmental and genetic perturbations. Yet, the mechanisms un- derlying such robustness are controversial. Moreover, how they might affect evolutionary change remains enigmatic. Here, we review the recently appreciated central role of protein homeostasis in buffering and potentiating genetic variation and discuss how these processes mediate the critical influence of the environment on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Deciphering how robustness emerges from biological organization and the mechanisms by which it is overcome in changing environments will lead to a more complete understanding of both fundamental evolutionary processes and diverse human diseases.
SUMMARY LIST
….6. Environmental stress is a major contributor to genetic and phenotypic variation in two fundamental ways. First, it can increase the amount of genetic variation available for selection by increasing the rate of sexual reproduction, recombination, and mutation. Second, environmental stress can also affect the phenotypic expression of genetic variation because it is intimately linked to protein homeostasis.
7. In yeast, prions are emerging as an important bet-hedging mechanism for the inheritance of new phenotypes, based on stress-induced changes in cellular proteostasis, that lead to heritable, self-perpetuating changes in protein folding and function.
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The master plan involves letting people get sick, building a lucrative drug and medical industry to treat the symptoms, controlling research to protect the contaminating industries - and profiting across the board.
...The financial elite positioned to justify mass quarantines and human depopulation. Part of the quarantine and depopulation phase involves fearmongering - by blaming the victims and demonizing the sick, homeless and jobless. All the evidence indicates the elite are almost ready to move on the quarantine and depopulation phase of their strategy.
...The financial elite positioned to justify mass quarantines and human depopulation. Part of the quarantine and depopulation phase involves fearmongering - by blaming the victims and demonizing the sick, homeless and jobless. All the evidence indicates the elite are almost ready to move on the quarantine and depopulation phase of their strategy.
I'm not so sure about this part of the plan. I would agree that demonizing (or blame shifting) to the sick, homeless and jobless is a well practiced smokescreen, its function meant to distract (a slight of hand at a magic show) to keep the general public looking at everything but them,
What's killing us? Diseases that will kill 9 of 10 Americans …cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and a variety of other chronic ailments. And worse, unlike some infectious diseases, they're quite preventable.
This new, ultra-deadly pandemic threat is caused by we, ourselves. Sedentary lifestyles, poor eating habits, smoking, and other high-risk behavior causes most of these diseases. In a time when humans know so much about their own biology and virtually everyone should be living to old age, millions are dying relatively young because they cannot manage their health.
More than anything, the root causes are apathy and sloth.
...I do not buy the idea of a depopulation "master plan" it would actually defeat the purpose of Big Pharma. They are in the business of disease (creating and destroying) but the bottom line: profit margin.
Chronic disease to cost $47 trillion by 2030: WEF
The global economic impact of the five leading chronic diseases -- cancer, diabetes, mental illness, heart disease, and respiratory disease -- could reach $47 trillion over the next 20 years, according to a study by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
…"This is not a health issue, this is an economic issue -- it touches on all sectors of society,"….
Mental health, which is typically left off lists of leading NCDs, will account for $16 trillion -- a third of the overall $47 trillion anticipated costs. ….
… these numbers suggest NCDs "have the potential to not only bankrupt health systems but to also put a brake on the global economy," he added.
Study shows powerful corporations really do control the world's finances
Who Runs the World ? – Network Analysis Reveals ‘Super Entity’ of Global Corporate Control
Meet the Global Financial Elites Controlling $46 Trillion In Wealth
big-profit blockbusters are about to go off patent. Between now and 2015, $250 billion in drug sales are about to disappear into the generics market.
The 10 Biggest-Selling Drugs That Are About to Lose Their Patent
The imminent arrival of the dreaded "patent cliff" has been haunting the pharmaceutical industry for years, and it's finally here. With patents on many blockbuster drugs about to expire, an estimated $250 billion in sales are at risk between now and 2015…
The Global Corporate Government's goal is to keep the population working but dependent on treatment, and get rid of the "useless eaters" as soon as they succumb or become too costly to keep going.
...Current "drug shortages" are a power play - part of a strategy to implement full-bore Eugenics Policies. Also see wiki Eugenics.
...American corporate philanthropies launched a national campaign of ethnic cleansing in the United States, helped found and fund the Nazi eugenics of Hitler, and then created the modern movement known as “human genetics.”
Interesting theory.
Personally, I see all of the food additives, preservatives, and hormones being responsible.
...The traditional association of the mammalian prion protein with disease has over-shadowed a potentially more interesting attribute of prions: their ability to create protein-based molecular memories. ...prion-driven phenotypic diversity increases under stress, and can be amplified by the dynamic maturation of prion-initiating states. ...these qualities allow prions to act as ‘bet-hedging’ devices that facilitate ...adaptation ...to stressful environments, and might speed the evolution of new traits.
[web.wi.mit.edu...]Scroll down to link[/url]
Certain amounts of bad things are allowed in because they do no permanent harm.
The problem is that there is far more harm in allowing any type of harm.
Ben and Jerry's boycotts using any milk where the cows are pumped full of RBGH.
Just one example where people with ethics, morals, and beliefs stand their ground.
this subject is insane...
Soficrow, do you think that this is being played out in the timeline they expected?
Also how did they plan to escape the effects as well once it became so widespread?
New Inhibitors of Scrapie-Associated Prion Protein Formation in a Library of 2,000 Drugs and Natural Products
Several classes of compounds were represented in the 17 most potent inhibitors, including naturally occurring polyphenols (e.g., tannic acid and tea extracts), phenothiazines, antihistamines, statins, and antimalarial compounds. ...many are either approved human drugs or edible natural products...
Sofi, this information is so useful, very interesting, I am trying to absorve everything, specially when I know that in my case I am so sensitive to prescribed medications, I am now working with an acupuncturist and herbalist ...
I always tell my husband that if I happen to get a chronic disease that required strong medical drugs it will kill me.
So I am trying to get into natural medicine for prevention.
We need to reform our government, get them off the private interest payroll and forced them to give people choices of how they want to used medicine.
Is outrageous what we have been forced into in this country for profits.