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According to latitude and time of year
The top of the stratosphere occurs at 50 km (31 miles) altitude. The boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere above is called the stratopause. The altitude of the bottom of the stratosphere varies with latitude and with the seasons, occurring between about 8 and 16 km (5 and 10 miles, or 26,000 to 53,000 feet). The bottom of the stratosphere is around 16 km (10 miles or 53,000 feet) above Earth's surface near the equator, around 10 km (6 miles) at mid-latitudes, and around 8 km (5 miles) near the poles. It is slightly lower in winter at mid- and high-latitudes, and slightly higher in the summer. The boundary between the stratosphere and the troposphere below is called the tropopause.
Some of the planes that leave chemtrails in the troposphere are conducting tests using new kinds of smart chaff.
Some of the planes that leave chemtrails in the troposphere are conducting tests for shortwave climate engineering.
In a one-week study, the authors of this report conducted a technical review and evaluation of proposed climate engineering concepts that might serve as a rapid palliative response to such climate emergency scenarios.
Cloud modification for increasing cloud reflectivity by adding extra aerosol pollutants.
Aerosols injected into the Troposphere and Tropopause can be lifted by air currents into the Stratosphere.
Some of the Nanotech aerosols are being designed for that purpose. We've covered this before.
EXAMPLES of chemtrails
1 ) Space Shuttle exhaust
2 ) Chemical dumping for extinguishing fires
3 ) Fuel dumping for emergency and other required scenarios
4 ) ICBM exhaust other military rockets
5 ) Cloud seeding by plane and other cloud seeding methods (rockets)
6 ) Other methods used for aerosol Geo engineering (ex. balloons)
7 ) Jet exhaust with anomalous persistent contrails
Originally posted by MathiasAndrew
reply to post by Essan
According to latitude and time of year
Again you're revealing your ignorance or are purposefully misleading the facts by leaving out important information.
Aerosols injected into the Troposphere and Tropopause can be lifted by air currents into the stratosphere.
The tropopause minimum acts as a barrier between the troposphere and stratosphere because mixing and heat transport by convection can only occur when temperature decreases with height. The troposphere - with convection allowed - is turbulent and well mixed. The stratosphere with its temperature increase with height is stable, stratified into layers and relatively poorly mixed.
Chemical and chaff tracer studies help to identify airflow in and out of clouds and the source of ice or hygroscopic nucleation as the seeding agent. With some of these new facilities, a better climatology of clouds and precipitation can be prepared to test seeding hypotheses prior to the commencement of weather modification projects
FOG DISPERSAL
Different techniques are being used to disperse warm (i.e. at temperatures greater than 0°C) and cold fogs. The relative occurrence of warm and cold fogs is geographically and seasonally dependent. The thermal technique, which employs intense heat sources (such as jet engines) to warm the air directly and evaporate the fog, has been shown to be effective for short periods for dispersal of some types of warm fogs. These systems are expensive to install and to use.
Another technique that has been used is to promote entrainment of dry air into the fog by the use of hovering helicopters or ground-based engines. These techniques are also expensive for routine use.
To clear warm fogs, seeding with hygroscopic materials has also been attempted. An increase in visibility is sometimes observed in such experiments, but the manner and location of the seeding and the size distribution of seeding material are critical and difficult to specify. In practice, the technique is seldom as effective as models suggest. Only hygroscopic agents should be used that pose no environmental and health problems.
Cold (supercooled) fog can be dissipated by growth and sedimentation of ice crystals. This may be induced with high reliability by seeding the fog with artificial ice nuclei from ground-based or airborne systems. This technique is in operational use at several airports and highways where there is a relatively high incidence of supercooled fog. Suitable techniques are dependent upon wind, temperature and other factors. Dry ice has commonly been used in airborne systems.
Other systems employ rapid expansion of compressed gas to cool the air enough to form ice crystals. For example, at a few airports and highway locations, liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is being used in ground-based systems. A new technique, which has been demonstrated in limited trials, makes use of dry ice blasting to create ice crystals and promote rapid mixing within the fog. Because the effects of this type of seeding are easily measured and the results are highly predictable, randomized statistical verification generally has been considered unnecessary
In recent years, the seeding of warm and cold convective clouds with hygroscopic chemicals to augment rainfall by enhancing warm rain processes (condensation/collision-coalescence/break-up mechanisms) has received renewed attention through model simulations and field experiments.
Two methods of enhancing the warm rain process have been investigated: first, seeding with small particles (artificial CCN with mean sizes about 0.5 to 1.0 micrometres in diameter) is used to accelerate precipitation initiation by stimulating the condensation-coalescence process by favourably modifying the initial droplet spectrum at cloud base; and second, seeding with larger hygroscopic particles (artificial precipitation embryos about 30 micrometres in diameter) to accelerate precipitation development by stimulating the collision-coalescence processes.
A recent experiment utilizing the latter technique indicated statistical evidence of radar estimated precipitation increases. However, the increases were not as contemplated in the conceptual model but seem to occur at later times (one to four hours after seeding), the cause of this effect is not known.
Hygroscopic Cloud Seeding
The term “hygroscopic seeding” has been associated with warm cloud seeding. The objective is to enhance rainfall by promoting the coalescence process using hygroscopic salt nuclei generated by pyrotechnic flares or a fine spray of a highly concentrated salt solution. In addition, Cooper et al. (1997) illustrated that hygroscopic seeding might have a beneficial effect on precipitation development through either of two distinct mechanisms:
introduction of embryos on which raindrops form; or
broadening of the initial droplet size distribution resulting in acceleration of all stages of the coalescence process.
Perfluorocarbon tracer release: Conduct a continuous, several-hour release at an elevated point (~100 m) west of the Carquinez Strait (Richmond-Rodeo locale). Consider sequential releases of multiple tracers as an option.
Fluorescent aerosol and perfluorocarbon release: Deploy a conventional aerosol generator to release a well-characterized dispersion of dye aerosol in precise proportion to a perfluorocarbon tracer. Although a wide spectrum of aerosol particles is acceptable, particle sizes should be maintained at sizes less than a few microns to minimize gravitational effects. Accurate knowledge of the initial size distribution, and its ratio to the perfluorocarbon release, are essential. The tracer-release location should be situated at a point where an extended downwind run over desired terrain features is expected.
3.6 Radar Reflectors Radar reflectors, especially chaff, have the distinct advantage of providing remotely sensed estimates of air motions or even quantitative measures of threedimensional wind fields, if two synchronized Doppler radars are employed. Vector plots of wind fields observed over the Santa Barbara coast during the SCCCAMP campaign
, you just post up more stuff which you clearly do not understand at all
I'm surprised you've not added industrial pollution to your list, But maybe that's next? Perhaps followed by cigarettes and carbon emissions from human breath?
Originally posted by MathiasAndrew
reply to post by Essan
This study is POSITIVE PROOF and you can not deny it.
1. Introduction`
1.1 Report Objective
The objective of this report is to examine potential tracer applications for the
forthcoming California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air-Quality Study (CRPAQS), with
specific attention to the following elements:
• potential uses of tracer studies in the context of the comprehensive CRPAQS; and
• expected scientific returns of such studies, as well as their costeffectiveness and probabilities of success.
Although inert gaseous tracers such as SF6 and perhalogenated organics represent a major class of tracers anticipated for application in the CRPAQS, a variety of other tracer types, such as fluorescent compounds, rare-earth elements, radar reflectors, and natural "tracers of opportunity" are of interest as well, either as single tracers or as companion components to investigations where perhalocarbons are employed. Many of these additional tracers are aerosols, thus providing the possible advantage of mimicking, at least approximately, the depositional behavior of their pollution counterparts. This section summarizes briefly the components of this potential "tracer arsenal," to provide an information backdrop for the subsequent discussion
Several additional nonreactive gases are available for intentional release, which can be used as conservative tracers Dietz (1986). Including species such as sulfur hexafluoride and deuterated methane, these compounds are generally less attractive than perfluorocarbons
Perfluorocarbon tracer release: Conduct a continuous, several-hour release at an elevated point (~100 m) west of the Carquinez Strait (Richmond-Rodeo locale). Consider sequential releases of multiple tracers as an option.
Perfluorocarbon tracer release: Perform simultaneous short-term evening releases of two perfluorocarbon tracers at strategically located, elevated points (~200 m) in the expected circulation patterns of the Fresno and Bakersfield eddies, respectively
Perfluorocarbon tracer release:
Perform sequential, continuous (~1 hour) releases of multiple perfluorocarbon tracers at a selected location in the base inflow region of the slope-wind circulation.
Fluorescent aerosol and perfluorocarbon release: Deploy a conventional aerosol generator to release a well-characterized dispersion of dye aerosol in precise proportion to a perfluorocarbon tracer. Although a wide spectrum of aerosol particles is acceptable, particle sizes should be maintained at sizes less than a few microns to minimize gravitational effects
Table 3.1: Some Perfluorocarbon Tracers "Standard" Perfluorocarbon Tracers Perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PMCH) Ortho- and meta-perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (o, mPDCH) Perfluoromethylcyclopentane (PMCP) Perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane (PTCH) Potential Additional Perfluorocarbon Tracers Perfluoroethylcyclohexane (PECH) Normal perfluoropropylcyclohexane (nPPCH) Iso perfluoropropylcyclohexane (iPPCH) Ortho-, meta-, and para-perfluormethylethylcyclohexanes (o, m, pPMECH) Perfluorodimethylcyclobutane (PDCB) Perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane (PTCH)
3.3 Fluorescent Particles Fluorescent dye particles have been applied over the past few decades for a number of atmospheric studies, including measurements of plume diffusion (Draxler, 1984), dry deposition (Sehmel, 1984), precipitation scavenging (Englemann, 1965), and particle resuspension (Sehmel, 1984). Detection of the tracer, which may take place either in situ or on a collected sample, occurs by observing fluorescent radiation stimulated by electromagnetic or sub-atomic particle irradiation of the tracer
Although potentially useful for a variety of tracer applications, rare earths have been applied most frequently for measurement of in-cloud scavenging rates and processes, where the tracer is dispersed in the storm inflow or cloud regions, with subsequent recovery and measurement of tracer in collected precipitation samples
Radar reflectors, especially chaff, have the distinct advantage of providing remotely sensed estimates of air motions or even quantitative measures of threedimensional wind fields, if two synchronized Doppler radars are employed. Vector plots of wind fields observed over the Santa Barbara coast during the SCCCAMP campaign,
As noted above, the aim of this report is to provide basic information on tracer technology, as well as feasibility of the associated applications, so that the CRPAQS design team can evaluate options, establish priorities, and possibly select one or more applications for further consideration.
That's right - so that people can figure out which are the best ones to use when studying air quality.....so it is perfect evidence that people are studying air quality!
Originally posted by MathiasAndrew
The report was not on air quality,.if you had actually read the report you would know that.
Tracers are gases or powdered materials injected into the atmosphere. This is either deliberate, for diagnostic purposes, or accidental, where it represents presence of pollutants. The UM can advect up to 29 passive tracers: the method is outlined in the Unified Model User Guide (for version 5.5) in section 4.6 "Atmospheric Tracers".