Now that we have gotten past any irrational, prejudicial barriers to free and open thought and problem solving, we can now address possible solutions
to national energy supplies.
I was posting my ideas regarding the massive solar panel array on different websites, among them was a website dealing with climate change and
alternative energy run by people actually involved in the research, construction, and design, both scientifically and politically, of alternative
energy sources.
Their replies indicated that the only real barrier to massive solar power is money and politics. Most of their results came from alternative energy
sources built in northern Europe. The only issue I have is that some European countries have significantly lower solar flux and solar days when
compared to the U.S. The number of energy shortfalls in the U.S. might be far less and may be completely eliminated if the array is oversized.
For example the absolute minimum amount of solar radiation, as averaged over 30 years, that falls on the deserts of California, Arizona, Nevada, New
Mexico, Utah, Texas, and Colorado (about 500,000 mi^2) is 7 kwH/m^2 per day. Most of the U.S. receives about 4 kwH/m^2 per day. 7 kwH/m^2 translates
to 292 Watt/m^2, for a solar panel that is say, 30% efficient then we get 87.6 Watts/m^2.
U.S. Solar Radiation
(click on "minimum", "annual", and "Two Axis Tracking Flat Plate")
This is for a two axis tracking solar panel (meaning the solar panel can move like a rear view mirror on a car).
It is unclear whether the solar radiation received includes all wavelengths or only visible wavelengths. The reason why this distinction is important
is because the total amount of energy received by the sun on the earth's surface, on average (clear blue sky), has been measured to be 1000 W/m^2,
including wavelengths not visible to human eye. If we include direct and indirect sunlight then it goes even higher 1120 W/m^2.
Sunlight Spectral Composition
There are solar panels that can utilize sunlight energy outside the visible, they can use up to about 40% of the sunlight at all wavelengths, giving
us about 400 Watts/m^2 (using the lower estimate of 1000 W/m^2). With further improvements this can be increased to 500 or 600 Watts/m^2.
The U.S. used about 17.932 quadrillion btu in 2015 (thanks to e.i.a.)
Total Energy Use U.S.
Let's round up to 18 quadrillion btu this is equivalent to 1.89910053 × 10^19 joules. If we use the solar panels that can produce 400 Watts/m^2, and
we assume at worst 5 hours of sunlight a day, then we would only need to cover 2790.13 square miles to provide all the energy needs of the U.S. This
could be completely contained within one state in the U.S. (This is lower than my previous estimate due to some conversion errors). In fact several
states in the U.S. could contain arrays large enough to supply all our energy needs at this scale it may be possible to eliminate all shortfalls.
The cost and variation in power output of a solar power installation need not be obtained ONLY via experiment, meaning existing installations. It is
much much much cheaper to perform simulations of the power output of solar installations on computers.
These simulations would take into account nearly all factors that could affect power output , this doesn't cost much money, just a couple of grad
students, computers, electricity, and housing. In this manner, worst case scenarios for the U.S. could be simulated to approximate how much or how
little power is generated. Also, the optimum placement of solar panels could be approximated to minimize or eliminate shortfalls and yet provide more
than enough power to meet all demands. There are textbooks that model the power output of solar power installations taking into account many
factors:
Solar Electric Power Generation
Modeling Solar Radiation on the Earth's Surface
What must be done is to model solar power output for a specific installation, geographic area, and weather pattern. Modeling the effect of clouds with
different shapes is tricky, though quite easy for a worst case scenario, simply model a uniform thick grey storm cloud covering a certain area, or a
duststorm. Also determine how solar power output varies as the lifetime of the solar panel, effects of temperature, wind, vibration, dust, storms,
water, pests, floods, plants, aging effects, the effects of the material covering and protecting the panel, how does that age, anything and everything
that could possibly affect output.
Also, we must not forget that when that much surface area is covered with Solar panels, the economy of scale takes effect bringing down the price of
solar panels and other components. Not to mention that if this solar array is built in another country near the U.S. then both the price of labor and
the price of the panels fall even more.
The aforementioned is the ideal, in reality what is probably most cost effective is to upgrade the electrical infrastructure of the U.S. to the point
where all energy needs could be supplied via electricity. In this manner almost any combination of energy sources could be used to provide our needs.
Both the market and the gov could decide which types of energy sources should be used, where and when they should be used.
Simulations of different types and configurations of an upgraded electrical grids can be performed. In this manner we can approximate the optimum type
and configuration of electrical grids that can provide all energy needs. These grids would be flexible enough to allow for different sources of energy
in different geographic locations to be used, would allow for the development and growth of electrical demand in different geographic areas, and would
allow for a natural evolution of energy sources and demand geographically. Furthermore, these simulations could include stress tests that simulate
different conditions, like worst case scenarios, different failure modes, in other words nearly every conceivable failure mode both local and national
should be explored.
I found it "interesting" to say the least that an oil company like ARCO would be involved in something like HAARP:
ARCO-HAARP
Now, it hasn't been shown that HAARP can effect or control the weather but, from what I gleaned by talking to long time residents of Phoenix, AZ and
from my own personal experience living here in Phoenix, AZ, the weather patterns in recent times have been strange. This is unlike anything most
people here in Phoenix have seen in their entire lives. Could it be that oil companies are trying to manipulate weather patterns so as to make solar
power production less efficient? This technology works both ways it can also be used to make solar power production MORE efficient and to eliminate
shortfalls.
edit on 17-7-2015 by deloprator20000 because: (no reason given)
edit on 17-7-2015 by deloprator20000 because: (no
reason given)