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The long-running controversy about the origins of the Etruscan people appears to be very close to being settled once and for all.
Professor Alberto Piazza, from the University of Turin, Italy, will say that there is overwhelming evidence that the Etruscans, whose brilliant civilisation flourished 3000 years ago in what is now Tuscany, were settlers from old Anatolia (now in southern Turkey).
The scientists compared DNA samples taken from healthy males living in Tuscany, Northern Italy, the Southern Balkans, the island of Lemnos in Greece, and the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The Tuscan samples were taken from individuals who had lived in the area for at least three generations, and were selected on the basis of their surnames, which were required to have a geographical distribution not extending beyond the linguistic area of sampling. The samples were compared with data from modern Turkish, South Italian, European and Middle-Eastern populations.
“We found that the DNA samples from individuals from Murlo and Volterra were more closely related those from near Eastern people than those of the other Italian samples”, says Professor Piazza. “In Murlo particularly, one genetic variant is shared only by people from Turkey, and, of the samples we obtained, the Tuscan ones also show the closest affinity with those from Lemnos.”
Scientists had previously shown this same relationship for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in order to analyse female lineages. And in a further study, analysis of mtDNA of ancient breeds of cattle still living in the former Etruria found that they too were related to breeds currently living in the near East.
The history of the Etruscans extends before the Iron Age to the end of the Roman Republic or from c. 1200 BC to c. 100BC Many archaeological sites of the major Etruscan cities were continuously occupied since the Iron Age, and the people who lived in the Etruria region did not appear suddenly, nor did they suddenly start to speak Etruscan. Rather they learned to write from their Greek neighbours and thus revealed their language. Archaeologists and linguists are in agreement that the Etruscans had been developing their culture and language in situ before the first historical record of their existence.
“But the question that remained to be answered was – how long was this process between pre-history and history"” says Professor Piazza. In 1885 a stele carrying an inscription in a pre-Greek language was found on the island of Lemnos, and dated to about the 6th century BC. Philologists agree that this has many similarities with the Etruscan language both in its form and structure and its vocabulary. But genetic links between the two regions have been difficult to find until now.
Herodotus’ theory, much criticised by subsequent historians, states that the Etruscans emigrated from the ancient region of Lydia, on what is now the southern coast of Turkey, because of a long-running famine. Half the population was sent by the king to look for a better life elsewhere, says his account, and sailed from Smyrna (now Izmir) until they reached Umbria in Italy.
“We think that our research provides convincing proof that Herodotus was right”,
It is perhaps relevant that two lions are also used in portrayals of the legendary ante-deluvian Sumerian hero/king, Gilgamesh, creating a direct link between Pre-Sumerian, Sumerian and Post-Sumerian (Mesopotamian) cultural themes. The significance of the discovery of an such an early mother-earth figure, flanked by felines, combines to enforce the idea of an prehistoric matriarchal society, of which influences may also be seen in Malta, where the mother-earth figure is given similar such reverence at approximately the same time in history.
Inanna/ Ishtar/Venus/bright and morning star.
Inanna was the Sumerian Goddess of love and war. Despite her association with mating and fertility of humans and animals, Inanna was not a mother goddess, and is rarely associated with childbirth[5]. Inanna was also associated with rain and storms and with the planet Venus.
Originally posted by Stormdancer777
So Caesar said he could trace is heritage back to the Gods, Venus,
Originally posted by infinite
Majority of Roman Emperors depicted themselves as demi-gods and proclaimed heritage from the gods.
Nothing new. It was indoctrine into Roman life after the conquest of Greece.
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 designated King George III „Arch-Treasurer and Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.” And „according to the Encyclopedia Judaica the Rothschilds bear the title „Guardians of the Vatican Treasury.” The Vatican Treasury, of course, holds the imperial wealth of Rome.
Rulers of Evil
Tupper Saussy, p. 160
Originally posted by serbsta
I need some help tracking down a source.
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 designated King George III „Arch-Treasurer and Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.” And „according to the Encyclopedia Judaica the Rothschilds bear the title „Guardians of the Vatican Treasury.” The Vatican Treasury, of course, holds the imperial wealth of Rome.
Rulers of Evil
Tupper Saussy, p. 160
I've been looking all through various versions of the Encyclopedia Judaica that I could find, but I still cannot verify that point ("Guardians of the Vatican Treasury"). I would be very interested if someone could verify the point made in this book with actual evidence to support it.
It is a somewhat curious sequel to the attempt to set up a Catholic competitor to the Roths-childs that at the present time the latter are the guardians of the papal treasure.
Originally posted by Stormdancer777
en.wikipedia.org...
So Caesar said he could trace is heritage back to the Gods, Venus,
www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk...
The Union Générale.
Meanwhile the Nationalist and Reactionary parties in France desired to counterbalance the "Semitic" influence of the Rothschilds by establishing a banking concern which should be essentially Catholic. Accordingly in 1876 the Union Générale was founded with a capital of 4,000,000 francs, increased to 25,000, 000 fraces in 1878 under the direction of a certain Bontoux. After various vicissitudes, graphically described by Zola in his novel "L'Argent," the Union failed, and brought many of the Catholic nobility of France to ruin, leaving the Rothschilds still more absolutely the undisputed leaders of French finance, but leaving also a legacy of hatred which had much influence on the growth of the anti-Semitic movement in France. Something analogous occurred in England when the century-long competition of the Barings and the Rothschilds culminated in the failure of the former in 1893; but in this case the Rothschilds came to the rescue of their rivals and prevented a universal financial catastrophe. It is a somewhat curious sequel to the attempt to set up a Catholic competitor to the Roths-childs that at the present time the latter are the guardians of the papal treasure.
Of recent years the Rothschilds have consistently refused to have anything to do with loans to Russia, owing to the anti-Jewish legislation of that empire, though on one occasion the members of the Paris house joined in a loan to demonstrate their patriotism as Frenchmen.
The following year [1823], the Rothschilds took over all of the financial operations of the worldwide Catholic Church.
from Eustace Mullins' book The Curse of Canaan
After the Federal Reserve Act had been passed by Congress and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, six New York banks controlled by the Morgan-Standard Oil group bought controlling interest of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which they have held ever since. The May 19, 1914 organization chart of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York shows that of the 203,053 shares ( NEEDS CHECK) issued:
* National City Bank took 30,000 shares
* the Morgan-Baker First National Bank took 15,000 shares
* The National Bank of Commerce (of which Paul Warburg was a large shareholder) took 21,000 shares
* Hanover Bank (now Manufacturers Hanover, of which Lord Rothschild is a director) took 10,200 shares
* Chase National Bank took 6000 shares
* Chemical Bank took 6000 shares
(NEEDS CHECK)
These six banks in 1914 owned 40% of the stock of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
www.modernhistoryproject.org...
[National City and First National] merged into the present Citibank in 1955, giving them one-fourth of the shares in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The $134 billion Citicorp is now the largest bank in the U.S.
The Federal Reserve System printout of shareholders July 26, 1983 showed that they now own 53%, as follows:
NEEDS CHECKNEEDS CHECK
* Citibank 15%
* Chase Manhattan 14%
* Morgan Guaranty Trust 9%
* Manufacturers Hanover 7%
* Chemical Bank 8%
* Citicorp Citibank is No. 1 in size in the U.S.
* No. 3 is Chase Manhattan with $82 billion assets
* No. 4 is Manufacturers Hanover, $64 billion
* No. 5 is J.P. Morgan, $58 billion
* No. 6 Chemical Bank
* No. 11 is First Chicago, formerly First National Bank of Chicago, controlled by the Baker-Morgan interests
[In 2000, J.P. Morgan merged with Chase, and by 2004 Citigroup was "by far" the largest bank in the world. --ed]
NEEDS CHECK
The New York Times, Sept. 3, 1914, at the time of the Federal Reserve stock was being sold, showed the principal stockholders of these banks as follows:
* National City Bank -- 250,000 shares:
o James Stillman 47,498
o J.P. Morgan & Co., 14,500
o W. Rockefeller 10,000
o M.T. Pyne 8267
o Percy Pyne 8267
o J.D. Rockefeller 1750
o J.S. Rockefeller 100
o W.A. Rockefeller 10
o J.P. Morgan Jr. 1000
* National Bank of Commerce -- 250,000 shares:
o George F. Baker 10,000
o J.P. Morgan Co. 7800
o Mary W. Harriman, (widow of E.H. Harriman) 5650
o Paul Warburg 3000
o Jacob Schiff 1000
o J.P. Morgan Jr. 1100
* Chase National Bank:
o George F. Baker 13,408
* Hanover Natl. Bank:
o James Stillman 4000
o William Rockefeller 1540
NEEDS CHECK
Was the wording changed from earlier editions of the encyclopedia?
I have multiple books which all list this part as clearly stating GUARDIANS OF THE VATICAN TREASURY and not a seemingly more diffused term "papal treasure". Not too sure if earlier versions will be available online to double check this.
What happened in 1823?
While the Barings are seen as the incumbent around 1815 (Ziegler 1988), historians concur on the basis of contemporary statements that during the period between 1815 and 1820 the Rothschilds took an edge and became the market leader in sovereign debt (Gille 1965: 57-77). By 1820, literally dozens of statements show that market participants recognized their ascendancy.
Bail out expectations for Britain had sponsored the independence movements in Latin America and it recognized the new republics in October 1822. Following this line of reasoning, the trigger of the crisis was Lord Canning eventual insistence that Britain’s foreign policy and the interests of the bondholders were different things (Gille 1965, Ziegler 1988, Dawson 1990).
The first to suspend the payment of coupon was Peru, in April 1826, followed in May by Colombia. After that date, bad news accumulated, although only gradually, through a fairly long process that extended over almost two years. Chile defaulted in September 1826, Greece in January 1827, Mexico in October 1827, Guatemala in February 1828, Buenos Aires in January 1828, Portugal in June 1828. By the end of 1829, the sovereign debt issues of the early 1820s had turned into a disaster. All Latin American countries, except Brazil, and all Southern European countries, except the Kingdom of Naples, were in arrears.
On the other hand, verbal evidence is unanimous which makes things easier. Around 1820, there were
two “market leaders: Rothschilds and Barings” (Chapman, 1984, Chapter 2: pp. 16-38).
While the Barings are seen as the incumbent around 1815 (Ziegler 1988), historians concur on the
basis of contemporary statements that during the period between 1815 and 1820 the Rothschilds took
an edge and became the market leader in sovereign debt (Gille 1965: 57-77).
Hidy (1949: 64): “By this time the house of Rothschild had assumed a marked ascendancy in floating issues
of securities for the established governments on the Continent. They had become “the financiers of legitimacy.”
The heads of national states were turning first to the new leader, and the Barings lust needs come into the
operations only upon invitation of Nathan Rothschild. The change had been great since 1818”. Ziegler (1988:
97) “By 1825 Rothschilds, when it came to international loans, were unequivocally the most powerful house in
Europe”.
The family's financial backing of the war effort led them to become official banking for many European governments and royal families--the family's financial clout even extended to the Vatican, which turned to the Rothschilds for a loan in 1830.
www.fundinguniverse.com...;-Sons-Limited-Company-History.html