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Blooms, Red Tides, and Toxicity
Phytoplankton blooms in general, and toxic blooms in particular, have been increasing in frequency and distribution worldwide since the 1980s.
FARALLONES MARINE SANCTUARY ASSOCIATION P.O. BOX 29386 SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94129 (415) 561-6625 www.farallones.org
Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary
copyright 2002
Introduction to the Coastal Ecosystem Curriculum
The Gulf of the Farallones is a dynamic coastal region with a very rich biological community. Many high school students living less than 20 miles from the Pacific coast are unaware of this complex and unique ecosystem located just outside of the Golden Gate. This Coastal Ecosystem Curriculum provides activities and a monitoring project to engage high school students in learning about the marine environment in their backyard.
This curriculum focuses on the coastal ecosystem in the Gulf of the Farallones. Birds, the sandy beach, and oceanographic currents are all connected in this ecosystem. One goal of this curriculum is to teach high school students about the natural connections in the ecosystem and how humans fit into the ecosystem. Sand crabs, the focus of the monitoring project, are prey for birds yet sometimes they carry parasites or domoic acid from plankton which can injure and kill birds. Oil spills can impact all organisms, and it is the oceanographic conditions that move oil and plankton. By understanding the connections in the Gulf of the Farallones, high school students can develop skills to become stewards of the ocean.
The water surrounding the Farallon Islands off the California coastline is protected and managed by the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (NMS). Designated in 1981, the Sanctuary consists of offshore marine regions of the Gulf of the Farallones and the water up to the high tide line from Bodega Bay to Rocky Point. Of the thirteen National Marine Sanctuaries, San Francisco Bay residents are lucky to have three Sanctuaries protecting the coastal water so close to their homes. Cordell Bank NMS borders to the north and west of the Gulf of the Farallones NMS and Monterey Bay NMS protects the waters bordering the Gulf of the Farallones NMS south to Cambria.
The geological landscape under the water sets the scene for the Gulf and impacts the flow of the water. The Gulf of the Farallones is on the continental shelf, with the steep continental slope less than 30 miles from the shoreline. Seasonal winds drive currents and mixing, resulting in three oceanographic seasons. The life cycles of the animals living in the region are tied to the oceanographic conditions.
The upwelling season of spring and summer is driven by the northerly winds. In the activity entitled “Coastal Ocean Upwelling,” students will examine real oceanographic data and observe how surface winds impact the Gulf of the Farallones. Cold, nutrient rich water is brought to the surface by the upwelling of deeper water. Phytoplankton use the upwelled nutrients along with the sunlight in photosynthesis and growth to form the base of the region’s food web. From phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish, birds, and marine mammals, the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. There is great biological diversity and abundance – 36 species of marine mammals, more than 300,000 seabirds, and 30 endangered and threatened species – in the Gulf of the Farallones. In the Food Web unit, students learn about the connections between the trophic levels of the open waters of the Gulf of the Farallones, while in the Sandy Beach unit they examine coastal animals.
In the late summer and early fall, the winds die down and upwelling stops. This is called the relaxation period. Many marine mammals such as humpback and blue whales migrate to the region to feed on the abundant zooplankton krill during the summer and fall. The abundant seal population around the Farallon Islands attracts one of the largest concentration of white sharks in the world during the fall. Other animals, such as gelatinous zooplankton, also become very abundant during this season.
Beginning in November, winter storms dominate the region. The ocean water is well mixed, moving phy- toplankton deeper, into darker water and reducing their growth. Sandy beaches change shape as the rough waters transport sand and sand crabs offshore. Students can measure the shape of beach slope as described in the Beach Profile Survey activity to see seasonal changes. The winter storm season lasts until about February when the strong northerly winds begin again and the cycle starts over with spring upwelling.
Students can make their own discoveries and become stewards of the marine environment through their involvement in the monitoring program. Included in this curriculum is a handbook for monitoring the sandy beach habitat. Pacific mole crabs (Emerita analoga), also called sand crabs, live in the swash zone of the sandy beaches along the Pacific coast. They are prey for fish, seabirds, shorebirds, and sea otters, and carry parasites that can affect these predators. Sand crabs feed on plankton, some of which produce the toxin domoic acid that can also affect these predators. In this project, students can use their understanding of the Gulf of the Farallones ecosystem and apply it to the sandy beach habitat. Students will monitor the abundance and distribution of sand crabs to establish a long-term baseline dataset to help access the health of the sandy beach habitat.
Originally posted by EvolvedMinistry
Originally posted by WhiteDevil013
reply to post by GroundZero
True
Im happy people care about the Earth all of the sudden, but come on! This global warming thing has been taken too far. Now, people will literally guilt trip you if you dont watch Planet Green in HD all damn day, and dont use all your trash to make compost!
I know its hard for people(sheeple) to deal with change, but the world has been constantly changing since its inception. It will heat up, then cool down, and so on and so on. Species come and go, some mutate/evolve and eventually dont even look like they once did. Jungles turn to deserts, and vice versa. HOW IN THE HELL DID PEOPLE GET THIS IDEA THAT WE CAN JUST STOP THE PLANETS NORMAL BEHAVIOR AFTER BILLIONS OF YEARS!!??!?
[edit on 25-11-2009 by WhiteDevil013]
....
Yeah...You're the genius who has it all figured out. Its just nature doing its NATURAL THING. Even the retardation of the Bush Administration finally came forward and said that there was merit to the idea of Global Warming. And I don't care how you try to rationalize it, thousands of scientists have come forward to prove what you still seem to think is a "hoax." By the way, where's your PHD again???
Originally posted by WhiteDevil013
reply to post by GroundZero
True
Im happy people care about the Earth all of the sudden, but come on! This global warming thing has been taken too far. Now, people will literally guilt trip you if you dont watch Planet Green in HD all damn day, and dont use all your trash to make compost!
I know its hard for people(sheeple) to deal with change, but the world has been constantly changing since its inception. It will heat up, then cool down, and so on and so on. Species come and go, some mutate/evolve and eventually dont even look like they once did. Jungles turn to deserts, and vice versa. HOW IN THE HELL DID PEOPLE GET THIS IDEA THAT WE CAN JUST STOP THE PLANETS NORMAL BEHAVIOR AFTER BILLIONS OF YEARS!!??!?
[edit on 25-11-2009 by WhiteDevil013]
There is recent warming AND cooling. That's what happens. It's called weather, and the Earth has been doing it for a long time.
Can you find a single person who denies that this happens? If not, then who are you calling a denier?
I mean, if you're calling them pratts, who are they?
How is it obvious to you that the content of the emails have been "added to"?