Originally posted by PuterMan
I am curious Roald. Where does the figure of 10 times more energy come from, and how does the roof of the chamber deform without causing
earthquakes?
Well, a study was conducted by Puskas, Smith, University of Utah postdoctoral fellow Wu-Lung Chang and former Utah researcher Chuck Meertens, now at
UNAVCO, a consortium that studies deformation of Earth's crust. Measurements also were made by the National Park Service, U.S. Geological Survey,
Idaho National Laboratory, Brigham Young University, MIT and the National Geodetic Survey. Smith estimated the participants spent about $2.3 million
for the 17 years of measurements.
During the new study, Puskas converted GPS-measured ground movements and records of historic earthquake magnitudes into a quantity known as a
"moment," which measures the energy expended to deform the landscape. That allowed her to compare total ground deformation measured by GPS with ground
deformation caused by quakes.
She found the ground-moving energy of Yellowstone's frequent, mostly small quakes was overpowered 10-to-1 by the energy generated from other
ground-moving forces. Those include the Yellowstone hotspot's bulging uplift of the landscape, smaller volcanic ups and downs within the caldera,
relaxation of the ground after quakes, and Basin-and-Range stretching of Earth's crust that ultimately will generate future quakes.
Smith says the fact non-seismic forces to overwhelm quake energies by 10-to-1 "means there is much more energy related to active volcanic processes of
uplift and extension of the Earth's surface."
Originally posted by PuterMan
I feel you have a bit of a contradiction. You say that the caldera is under pressure but not producing earthquakes, yet you say small quakes weaken
the roof.
Yellowstone's crust is an elastic brittle solid. So initially a compressive stress will cause a recoverable reduction in volume of the crust (this is
known as elastic strain). It the stress continues to increase, there will be a small degree of plastic (unrecoverable) deformation until the strength
of the crust is exceeded. At this point either a fracture (which will be recorded as a quake) will form creating a new fault or as the Yellowstone's
crust is already significantly fractured and faulted, it is more likely that movement will occur along a pre-existing fault.
Originally posted by PuterMan
You should be aware that if the roof is under pressure then the piezo-electric signal should be strong - something I believe you have been/are
involved with using a satellite? I would actually like to know how you measure that signal. All earthquakes are as the result of stress, but you only
get excessive stress when plates/faults are locked.
The big excitement in this area has been caused by measurements of low frequency electronic signals a few hours before the Loma Prieta earthquake in
California in 1989. Despite repeated attempts, attempts to detect similar signals have not produced reliable predictions.
Anyway, For some time, earthquakes and piezoelectrics have been associated, and it is generally postulated the effect was associated with
quartz-bearing rock. Earthquake lights are often cited as evidence of the piezoelectric output, but little is known on how the electric charge
associated with an earthquake moves in the earth and what determines its polarity.
The big 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaska earthquakes produced observable effects in the ionosphere and serious studies have been underway to identify the
mechanism.
Right now I'm more into studying data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard National Aeronautical Space Agency (NASA)
Terra and Aqua satellites.
since earthquakes are physical phenomena, it can be expected that science will find some predictive qualities to forecast the behavior of
seismic activity. The most promising area of research is seismo electromagnetic science, which monitors and analyses the subtle effects in the earth
and ionosphere that occur several hours to several days before major earthquakes. This area of science may very well provide the foundation for
earthquake forecasting.
QUAKEFINDER
edit on 5/1/2011 by Roald because: (no reason given)