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Originally posted by ZeuZZ
Originally posted by buddhasystem
That probably relates to the part of the current flowing through a rarified space, and not as much to the situation when it hits the atmosphere of some sort. Then it basically would have no choice but to emit. Does that make sense? You have a sphere, a huge current must get it. We don't see that.
We don’t see magnetic fields either. No-one has ever seen a magnetic field, does that mean that they don’t exist? Obviously not.
Originally posted by buddhasystemI've heard repeated claims that z-pinch phenomena in outer layers of the Sun result in fusion. If you look at the densities involved, it's impossible to have enough output in that model.
I agree that Z-pinch fusion would be near impossible above the surface of the sun due to the densities involved, however Z-pinch fusion is not the only method to create sufficient energy for the sun. Due to the high strength and chaotic nature of the suns magnetic field inside the sun however it is a main contender for creating some of the internal energy, but other fusion methods such as bubble fusion, sonoluminescence energy, cavitation energy, magnetic confinement fusion, (dare i say it) cold fusion, and many others are possible contenders.
And you wouldn't even need a type of fusion to release the energy, particular particle interactions could release this energy when they are accelerated by the suns E-field without fusion being involved at all.
So i second your view that the energy creation question is still not adequately answered.
However, the traditional nuclear model has been falsified many times over
Assumption one: Charge can separate and build up in space. (just the same as it does on the earth to create lightning, sprites, etc, etc)
I just pointed out ten incontrovertible problems with solar models, and gave potential solutions to all of them using the electric model.
Originally posted by buddhasystem
Zeuss, what you and others are proposing involves a CURRENT of a huge magnitude that flows into a gaseous object in two highly localized polar regions.
That MUST cause radiative processes to take place, and would result in glow (jets) in these areas. There is nothing like that, in practice
We analyze polar jets observed by the Large‐Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) instrument aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Although ballistic trajectories have some success in fitting the observed kinematic motions, there is substantial evidence that gravity alone is not regulating the movement of the jets. First of all, the August 5 events appear to exhibit slight accelerations rather than decelerations above 3 R. Second, all the events studied here have very similar velocities, suggesting that by the time the jets reach the LASCO field of view, the jets have been incorporated into the ambient solar wind.
In order to address two of the principal scientific objectives of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), studies of the heating mechanisms of the solar corona and the acceleration processes of the solar wind, we deduce electron temperatures, densities, and ion velocities in plumes and interplume regions of polar coronal holes using ultraviolet observations from SUMER (Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation) on SOHO.
This image clearly shows an x-ray jet launching plasma out into the solar system from the Sun's north polar coronal hole. This image was taken 10 January 2007 by Hinode's X-ray telescope.
You listed a smorgasboard of various (and mostly highly exotic) energy producing reactions without even being able to ascertain their viability in the conditions present in the Sun, or present a quantitative comparison as to which ones are more probable. How does it help to explain ANYTHING?
Oh well, and this e-field is magically maintained despite the flowing current?
So i second your view that the energy creation question is still not adequately answered.
Then you must withdraw the thesis in the topic, which is that "electric star explains EVERY problem", because you just admitted it DOES NOT.
This assumption is invalid, because on Earth the charges are distributed in clouds, which are moving volumes of gas and suspended droplets of water. In space, there is no such substrate. Next.
Hinode EUV Study of Jets in the Sun’s South Polar Corona
A number of coronal bright points and associated plasma jet features were seen in an observation of the South polar coronal hole during 2007 January. The 4000 wide slot was used at the focus of the Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer to provide spectral images for two of these events.
(SOHO) spacecraft have discovered "jet streams" or "rivers" of hot, electrically charged gas called plasma flowing beneath the surface of the Sun.
Originally posted by ZeuZZ
Originally posted by buddhasystem
This assumption is invalid, because on Earth the charges are distributed in clouds, which are moving volumes of gas and suspended droplets of water. In space, there is no such substrate. Next.
What??? lets get this straight, you are saying that the only place in the universe that charge can separate is on the Earth due to the clouds? please think about how ridiculous that statement is.
Originally posted by ZeuZZ
Originally posted by buddhasystem
Zeuss, what you and others are proposing involves a CURRENT of a huge magnitude that flows into a gaseous object in two highly localized polar regions.
Sometimes I seriously doubt if your even reading the same same thread as me. "CURRENT of a huge magnitude", nowhere have I, or anyone, stated that the current is huge. I have continually said that the current while travelling in the solar system is highly diffuse, only a small amount of particles need drift towards the sun to potentially fuel it. They only become visible when the current density is high enough to create visible light, which is very near the sun; in the corona.
I find that statement interesting as well. The age old debate about whether or not Space was a vacuum was ended once we launched detection instruments in the form of Satellites at the dawn of the space age, to find that there is in fact a lively froth of particles. At its most basic definition, space contains a plasma: a collection of charged particles, dust, and neutrals, immersed within electromagnetic fields.
Originally posted by ZeuZZ
"by the time the jets reach the LASCO field of view, the jets have been incorporated into the ambient solar wind.
So there you go Buddha, the visible aspect of the polar currents seem to recombine with the solar wind at LASCOs field of view (about five solar diameters out)
If you look at pics of the corona, it certainly has a different texture at the polar regions, and numerous thin filaments seem to occur at the poles
It helps to show that there are many reactions that could produce the energy to power the sun, and none of these require the immense pressure thought to be needed to power nuclear fusion.
Astronomers have never considered any alternatives since they saw the A-bomb, but there are many other contendors now.
Oh well, and this e-field is magically maintained despite the flowing current?
Magically maintained? No.
Maintained due to the voltage difference between the sun and the solar wind; Yes.
OK. Ask a mod to change the title if you’re that bothered about one small unanswered question (which i've pretty much answered previously anyway)
This assumption is invalid, because on Earth the charges are distributed in clouds, which are moving volumes of gas and suspended droplets of water. In space, there is no such substrate. Next.
What??? lets get this straight, you are saying that the only place in the universe that charge can separate is on the Earth due to the clouds? please think about how ridiculous that statement is.
The polar regions, in any case, present a small fraction of the surface area of the Sun. The ratio of the two current densities, the "polar" and "the rest", is equal to the inverse ratio of the "polar" to the "rest". It follows that the current density in the polar regions is bound to be gigantic compared to what you are saying is emitted from the Sun.
The satellites have found evidence of magnetic ropes connecting Earth's upper atmosphere directly to the sun. We believe that solar wind particles flow in along these ropes, providing energy for geomagnetic storms and auroras.
A magnetic rope is a twisted bundle of magnetic fields organized much like the twisted hemp of a mariner's rope. Spacecraft have detected hints of these ropes before, but a single spacecraft was insufficient to map their 3D structure. THEMIS' five identical micro-satellites were able to perform the feat.
"THEMIS encountered its first magnetic rope on May 20," said Sibeck. "It was very large, about as wide as Earth, and located approximately 40,000 miles (70,000 km) above Earth's surface in a region called the magnetopause." The magnetopause is where the solar wind and Earth's magnetic field meet and push against one another like sumo wrestlers locked in combat. There, the rope formed and unraveled in just a few minutes, providing a brief but significant conduit for solar wind energy.
Originally posted by Still learning
Does the Critic Buddahman believe cold fusion is a myth?
Do you believe there are no perpetual motion devices?(hint: the earth)
I will not respond to any replies by you as my posting this is for others benefit to read not yours. I couldn't care less about arguing with a Intelligence squasher.
Is the sun a ball of hot gas with fusion in the centre or is it a discharge according to Juergens? Well, let’s see what mainstream physics has to say about it.
Total Energy produced by the Sun in 1 second:
From the general mainstream model the fusion in the core of the sun produces 4.3 million tonnes (4.3 109 kg) equivalent of energy per second so with the well known equation E = MC2 (Thanks Albert !, E is energy, M is the total mass and C is the velocity of light 3 108 m/s) we can find the total power P:
P = 4.3 109 x (3 108)2 / 1 second = 3.9 1026 Joules/s
With an arbitrary voltage of a billion volts from the Sun and exterior space, according to Juergens in a “double layer” above the suns surface and P = UI (where U is the total potential drop in Volts and I is the total current in Amperes), we can calculate a current
I = P / U = 3.9 1026 / 109 = 3.9 1017 A.
So, now we come to the circuit around the sun, inflowing current in the equatorial plane and outflowing current along the poles of the sun, this all in accordance with Alfvén’s circuit model (see Cosmic Plasma, page 55, Figure III.7).
Learning from the Earth where the current sheet thickness is on the order of the Earth’s radius, therefore we will assume that the current flowing to the sun has a thickness on the order of the suns radius.
Now we look at what may be observed near Earth if indeed this current flows in the circuit, driving the energy output of the sun as in Juergens’ www.kronos-press.com... model.
For a plane current sheet we can estimate the magnetic field by using Maxwell's equations. One equation, Ampere's Law, says that the variation of the magnetic field produced by a current is given by:
curl B = mu0 (J + epsilon0 dE/dt),
here curl is an operator that basically takes the derivative of the magnetic field in all three cartesian coordinates. In the case when we have a sheet of current, we can simplify this equation. We assume time stationarity (the sun shines at basically the same rate without major variations so that is no real problem) which means that any time derivative, like dE/dt will be 0. Assuming an infinite sheet in the x and y direction there is only variation in z and the equation simplifies to:
dB/dz = mu0 J,
and here we can make an estimate of the variation of the magnetic field from one side of the current sheet to the other by changing this differential into a difference dB/dz -> delta B / delta z. The delta B we do not know but the delta z is the thickness of the current sheet, so we find:
Delta B / L = mu0 J,
where we know L, the radius of the sun (7 108 m), and we can calculate J from the total current I (above) and saying that it flows through a “ribbon” of L wide and a circumference of 2 pi REarth-sun (1 AU = 1.5 1011 m),
J = 3.9 1017 / (2 pi 1.5 1011 7 108 = 6 10-4 Amp/m2
and thus with mu0 = 4 pi 10-7 we find for the magnetic field near the Earth produced by that current system:
delta B = mu0 J L = 0.5 Tesla
Now, what magnetic field strengt his measured near the Earth? We measure field in the nano-Tesla range (see e.g. data from the Cluster spacecraft in the solar wind www.cluster.rl.ac.uk... (the middle part in the linked plot), so that means that this model is roughly 1 billion (American) 109 times too strong, give or take a factor of 3!
And then other observations, e.g. by the Ulysses spacecraft over the poles of the sun www3.imperial.ac.uk... (here is a plot of the magnetic field strength measured by the mission from start to datehave not shown any signature AFAIK of strong toroidal magnetic fields associated with the outflowing cu
Thompson states that, “The ‘reconnection’ of magnetic field lines is a very standard topic in plasma physics…” Actually it is not. It is becoming a popular topic only among those physicists who have never had an engineering course in electricity and magnetism and take delight in inventing ‘new science’ in order to explain how energy is released from a magnetic field.
“Magnetic reconnection is very much a standard (observed) mechanism for transferring energy within a variable magnetic field, or transmitting energy between magnetic fields.” Says Thompson. Actually ‘magnetic reconnection’ has never been observed. What has been observed is the release of large amounts of energy from magnetic fields in which it was previously stored.
Sources: Thompson lists several papers written by people such as those I describe in the first paragraph in this section. The number of papers cited do not indicate correct knowledge – they indicate the degree to which an insular group of astrophysicists have run off down the wrong road after having refused, as undergraduates and graduate students, to take courses that fully explain and apply Maxwell’s equations (such as the ones I taught for thirty-nine years at a major university).
Any electrical engineer (or physics student who has studied field theory) will easily show Thompson (and his colleagues) the error of their ways. All it takes to understand this argument is to recognize the clear difference between 1) conceptual constructs that are convenient tools for thinking about and visualizing a process, and 2) the physical process itself. The former (the concept) exists only in one’s mind. It does not exist in three-dimensional space. The latter (the process) concerns the movement or interaction of things that really do exist in our world. Once this difference is fully grasped, it is easy to see that magnetic field lines do not (cannot) do anything in the real world – because they do not exist in the real world. I remember well the undergrad who once asked me if electric fields were really red (because I always used red colored chalk when I sketched them on the blackboard). I hope I convinced him that E-fields didn’t have any given color. Similarly I wish I could convince Thompson that magnetic field lines do not have any substance. And they do not move. They are instantaneous descriptors of (the magnitude and direction of) a vector field – and nothing more.
I have little hope of persuading Thompson of his error, so the following example is not intended for him. It is for the benefit of anyone who wishes to learn about the proper use of magnetic field lines.
Originally posted by buddhasystem
That's a funny term you just coined, but if I was one, I would have hardly found anything to squash here.
Originally posted by Riposte
Still waiting to hear from you how electrons can "backstream" to the sun as if they are photons bouncing off a wall. As any plasma physicist can tell you, electrons flow freely in plasma.
Originally posted by buddhasystem
If you ever cracked open a intro text on plasma physics, you would have realized that motion of positive ions and electrons depends on the magnetic field, and yes, effectively electrons can "bounce" off it -- that is in fact the principle of magnetic confinement of plasma, more or less (and unbeknownst to you).
Originally posted by Riposte
Yeah, good luck trying to prove electrons from the sun are bouncing off a
magnetic field and going back into the sun.
Solar electron bursts are frequently observed in the ACE/SWEPAM suprathermal electron measurements at energies below 1.4 keV. A significant fraction of such events show backscattered electrons, beginning after the burst onset and traveling back towards the Sun along the magnetic field direction. Such backscattered particles imply a scattering mechanism beyond the spacecraft location. Some bursts also show backstreaming conic distributions, implying mirroring at magnetic field enhancements beyond the spacecraft. Here we present a study of these backstreaming particles during solar electron events. We examine the occurrence of backstreaming electrons and their relationship to other burst characteristics such as pitch angle width, duration, and energy range. We also investigate the time delay between burst onset and the appearance of backscattered electrons, including energy and pitch-angle dispersion. We examine the pitch angle distribution and energy dependence of backstreaming electrons, and consider possible origins of these electron distributions and their relationship to solar wind structure beyond the spacecraft
Originally posted by buddhasystem
If you have trouble comprehending the fact that magnetic field deflects charged particles, I can't help you. According to you, none of the magnetic traps used in experimental studies of plasma would actually work, which they do.
Such backscattered particles imply a scattering mechanism beyond the spacecraft location.