SU-37 ALL-WEATHER FIGHTER AIRCRAFT, RUSSIA
The Su-37 multi-role, all-weather fighter aircraft demonstrator is the latest member of a family of aircraft based on the Su-27, which was developed
in 1977 by the Sukhoi Experimental Design Bureau in Moscow and is in service with the Russian Air Force and a number of other countries. This family
also includes the Su-27UB, Su-30, Su-33, Su-32FN and Su-35, and has the NATO codename Flanker.
The new feature of the super-manoeuvrable Su-37 fighter is the two-dimensional thrust vector control engines, which allow the aircraft to recover from
spins and stalls at almost any altitude, while it is also equipped with full digital fly-by-wire controls.
The first flight of the Su-37 prototype was in April 1996, with a public appearance at the Mosaero show. This was followed by a demonstration flight
at the Farnborough �96 Airshow. The aircraft demonstrated new manoeuvres, such as the ability to point the nose away from direction of flight for
sustained periods, rotating the nose through 360 degrees and recovering from tail slide by rolling into an entirely different plane. State funding for
the aircraft was withdrawn for a time, but it was restored in 1999 and Su-37 is undergoing flight testing.
COCKPIT
The cockpit is fitted with four liquid crystal displays for tactical and navigation data, onboard system monitors, and operating conditions control
panel. The pilot has a side short-travel control stick instead of a central stick, an avionics control handle and strain-gauging
(pressure-to-throttle) engine thrust controls. Avionics for the aircraft will be produced by Kronstadt, St Petersburg.
WEAPONS
The Su-37 can carry up to 14 air-to-air missiles and up to 8000kg of ordnance. The twelve external hardpoints can carry air-to-air missiles,
air-to-surface missiles, bombs, rockets and an ECM (electronic countermeasures) pod. The aircraft is fitted with one GSh-301 30mm gun with a maximum
rate of fire of 1,500 rounds per minute.
The aircraft can be equipped with Vympel R-73E short-range air-to-air missiles with infrared terminal homing and RVV-AE long-range air-to-air missiles
with active radar guidance. R-73E (NATO codename AA-11 Archer) is an all-aspect, close-combat missile capable of engaging targets in tail-chase or
head-on mode at altitudes between 0.02 and 20km, and target g-load to 12g. The Vympel RVV-AE (AA-12 Adder) air-to-air missile, also known as the
RR-77, can intercept targets at speeds up to 3,600kph and altitudes from 0.02 to 25km.
The Su-37 can be fitted with air-to-surface missiles such as the Kh-25 (AS-12 Kegler) short-range missile and Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge) with a 317kg
penetrating warhead.
SENSORS
The aircraft is fitted with a multifunction, forward-looking, NO-11M pulse Doppler phased array radar, which can track up to 15 targets simultaneously
and provide target designation and guidance to air-to-air missiles. NO-11M is manufactured by NIIP, the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of
Instrument Design. There is also a rear-looking NIIP NO-12 radar and optronic fire-control and surveillance system.
There are also systems for terrain-following and terrain-avoidance, mapping and multichannel employment of guided weapons.
ENGINES
The Su-37 is powered by two AL-31FU TVC (thrust vector control) turbofan engines. This engine was developed by the Lyulka Engine Design Bureau (NPO
Saturn) and is a derivative of the AL-31F twin-shaft turbofan engine on the Su-27. The modular design includes a four-stage, low-pressure (LP)
compressor, nine-stage, high-pressure (HP) compressor, annular combustion chamber and single-stage LP and HP turbines, afterburner and mixer. Each
engine provides 83.36kN thrust and 142kN with the afterburner and is steerable from 15 to +15 degrees along the vertical plane.
The thrust vector control is fully integrated into the digital flight control system. The TVC nozzle can be deflected both synchronously and
differentially, depending on manoeuvre. The nozzle is connected to the annular swivel and can be moved in the pitch plane by two pairs of hydraulic
jacks. The thrust vector control allows manoeuvres at speeds nearing zero without angle-of-attack limitations. The vectoring controls can be operated
manually by the pilot or automatically by the flight control system
Su-37 Flanker Specifications
Primary Function: Air superiority fighter
Contractor: Sukhoi Design Bureau
Crew: One
Unit Cost: N/A
Powerplant
Two Lyulka AL-37FU vectored-thrust afterburning turbofans, 30,855 lb thrust each
Dimensions
Length: 21.94 m (72 ft)
Wingspan: 15.16 m (49 ft 9 in)
Height: 6.84 m (22 ft 5 in)
Weights
Empty: N/A
Maximum Takeoff: 34,000 kg (74,960 lbs)
Performance
Speed: 2,500 km/h (1,553 mph / 1,350 Kts / mach 2.35) -- altitude
1,400 km/h (870 mph / 756 Kts / mach 1.32) -- sea level
Ceiling: 59,055 ft
Range: 1,390 km (863 mi / 750 nm) -- low altitude at 497 mph
3,300 km (2,051 mi / 1,782 nm) -- high altitude at 590 mph
Climb Rate: 230 m/sec (45,300 ft/min)
Armament
One GSh-30-1 30mm cannon, plus up to 18,075 lb including R-73/R-77 AAMs, AGMs, bombs, rockets, drop tanks, and ECM pods carried on fourteen external
points
Su-37 Flanker Achievements
The Su-37 is first Russian aircraft to feature thrust vectoring control comparable to the F-22 Raptor.
S-37 Berkut Specifications
Primary Function: N/A
Contractor: Sukhoi
Crew: One
Unit Cost: N/A
Powerplant
two Aviadvigatel D-30F6 afterburning turbofans at 68,340 lb (303.8 kN) each (original) two Saturn/ Lyul'ka AL-37FU afterburning turbofans at 63,930
lb (284.4 kN) each w/ afterburner (planned)
Dimensions
Length: 72.83 ft (22.60 m)
Wingspan: 74.00 ft (16.70 m)
Height: 19.33 ft (5.90 m)
Weights
Empty: N/A
Maximum Takeoff: 74,955 lb (34,000 kg)
Performance
Speed: 1,555 mph (2,500 km/h)
Ceiling: 61,680 ft (18,800 m)
Range: 2,100 nm (3,880 km) -- typical
Armament
14 hard points
S-37 Berkut Achievements
The S-37 was built to validate and gain experience with various advances in technology that could be incoorperated in a future Sukhoi fighter.
The Sukhoi's candidate for the Russian air force requirement for a Mnogo-funktsional'ny Frontovoy Istrebitel' (MFI - multifunctional frontal
fighter) is less known than its rival Mikoyan article 1.42.Vladimir Ilyushin, Sukhoi's veteran test pilot, revealed in mid 1997 that the aircraft was
"close to completion", adding that it will be a "worldwide sensation" when it is unveiled. The scarce information on Simonov's new fighter
indicate that it had already underwent high-speed taxi tests by the end of the summer and made its maiden flight at Zhukovsky at September 25th, 1997,
in hands of Sukhoi's test pilot Igor Votintsev.
Forward Swept Wing The early Soviet designs to feature moderately forward swept wing were Belyaev's DB-LK and Babochka aircraft and Mikoyan Gurevitch
PBSh-2 (MiG-6) biplane. Captured at the end of WWII, German FSW Junkers Ju-287 was test flown by German and Russiancrews. A six engined EF-131 was
build and underwent extensive structural and flight testing until 1947, when theme was closed. At about the same time Pavel Tsybin build several
testbeds LL (Letauchaya Laboratoriya) -1, -2 and -3 with stright, swept back and forward swept wings respectively (40 degrees).The LL-1 and LL-3
rocket powered gliders performed number of powered flights and provided TsAGI with much needed FSW data. In one of the flights LL-3 reached Mach 0.97
in dive.
Sukhoi Fifth-generation Fighter Philosophy The FSW is a better performer at high angles of attack in post-stall manoeuvring much needed in close-in
dogfight.The fact that Simonov had chosen FSW for his fifth-generation fighter once again confirms Sukhoi's commitment to the superagility as a
crucial requirement for the next generation air-superiority fighter. This approach, so much different from western concepts of stealth, supercruise
and BVR engagements, was taken to the limits in Su-37. The FSW S-32 fitted with TVC expected to outperform its stalemate in close-in dogfight
involving post-stall flight regimes. Having the edge in manoeuvring, the S-32 is clearly catching up in stealth with US and European new-generation
fighters.However even with its internal weapon bay and RAM coating, the new Sukhoi is a very different concept than F-22. The heavy accent on RAM
rather than radar absorbing structures (RAS) is obvious. The reason for such attitude is not clear, although a combination of the technology
limitations and operational doctrine is most likely candidate.The major components of radar stealth RAM coatings and surface quality are subject to
the production and maintenance tolerance as it was shown by USAF F-117 and B-2 operational experience.Untightened screws, scratches or unfastened
access panels were known to greatly deteriorate the RCS of the aircraft, reducing the engineering efforts put into aircraft design. It remains to be
seen how Sukhoi will overcome the looser production standards of the Russian aircraft plans.
Powerplant The ultimate S-32 powerplant Al-37FU operates in automatic and manual modes.In manual mode the nozzle deflection angle is set by the pilot,
and in automatic mode the axi-symmetric nozzles are controlled by the MNPK Avionika full-authority, digital fly-by-wire flight control system (FCS).
The movable in pitch axis nozzle deflects �15 degree at 30 deg/s by a pair of hydraulic jacks.The production Al-37FU will use jet fuel instead of
hydraulic liquid to drive the nozzles. Surprisingly, as a temporal solution, instead of similar and widely available Su-27 Flanker's Al-31F
powerplants, the S-32 prototype received a pair of Perm Aviadvigatel D-30F6 engines used on MiG-31 Foxhound interceptors. Designed by the 1980, this
full authority digital engine control (FADEC) engine comprises six interchangeable modules and a core module. Although powerplant accumulated several
thousand flight hours and experienced no operational drawbacks, it has estimated 300 hrs life between overhauls (Russian engine maintenance is very
different from western philosophy and term "overhauls" has a different meaning). There were no reports on TVC versions of D-30F6.
Avionics In early September, defence-ministry acquisition chief Col Gen Anatoly Sitnov noted: "What is the use of developing the Sukhoi
fifth-generation fighter, if the aircraft's cockpit dates back to a second- or third-generation design?" While Sitnov statement clearly implying the
state of the art of the S-32, one can hardly expect that a first test airframe will incorporate all innovations planned for the series production.
Similarly, the sole Su-37 demonstrator flies with a counterweight instead of the advanced radar hence the aircraft is intended to explore among other
things the trust vectoring modes of the new powerplant. However, the Su-37 fighter will have the top notch avionics suit which is tested on other 700
series airframes Sukhoi Su-35s. It is expected that the sophistication of S-32 cockpit and avionics suit should at least match that of
forth-and-a-half generation Su-35 and Su-37 aircraft.The cockpit of the S-32 does most certainly feature the color liquid crystal MFDs and wide angle
HUD. The test proven in Su-37 demonstrator inclined pilot seat, a fixed pressure sensitive throttle and side-stick controller will also find its way
to the cockpit of new fighter expected to impose even greater G-loads on pilot than superagile Su-37.
Armament The armament of the S-32 will most likely never get close to the air-to-air arsenal of Mikoyan's article 1.42, enjoying super long range
K-37.However the ram jet version of AA-12 Adder, R-77PD (RVV-AE-PD), seems to be the most appropriate long stick for the new fighter. The missile's
collapsible lattice stabilizers give R-77 family the compactness well suited for the internal weapon bay(s) of the stealth S-32.However, the
aerodynamically superior lattice stabilizers have reportedly a much greater RCS than conventional surfaces, thus potentially revealing the position of
the aircraft at the moment of the missile launch.The exact number of weapon bays is not known, although the total number of the hardpoints will be
fourteen. The use of the internal/external weapon loads will depend on the mission.
please dont mix these two up.
I think that the Berkut will easliy take the f-22 and the Flanker will be almost even with the f-22.
[Edited on 5-10-2003 by Russian]