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originally posted by: Kurokage
a reply to: cooperton
The point is, parasites weren't in the garden
Can you point to the evidence of that? Is that just an assumption on your part that parasites are evil?
Good parasites do exist, but they aren’t always very obvious! The nicest parasites are the fungi which you can eat, like mushrooms or food and drinks made using yeast, like bread and soy sauce. Some fungi are also used in medicine, as antibiotics. Other parasites are used in medicine but they are a little yuckier! Leeches and maggots are grown in special laboratories and are used to keep blood flowing or clean up dead tissue after people have had accidents!
originally posted by: cooperton
originally posted by: Venkuish1
a reply to: cooperton
Are you still of the view that viruses don't evolve? Creationism is devoid of science but not every religious person is a creationist. You can believe in a supreme being (creator) and accept the knowledge and advances we have acquired through the scientific method.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov...
Great strides have been made in understanding the evolutionary history of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and the zoonoses that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2. What remains unknown is how long these SIVs had been circulating in non-human primates before the transmissions to humans
Another research paper examining the evolution of SIV and the rise of HIV-1 and HIV-2.
There is no basis in the argument you made viruses don't evolve. Not only they do but there is an entire field of research dedicated to virus evolution. There are countless scientific peer reviewed papers and pre-prints examining the various aspects of how viruses evolve and the impact on human pathogenesis or the way vaccines are developed.
Viruses aren't independent organisms. They also have a seldom known property that was discovered in 2009 by Nobel Prize winner Luc Montagnier. Viruses were found to emit particular electromagnetic signals. Dr. Montagnier then emitted that same detected frequency on an vial of water filled with biological matter. Just from the frequency alone, the virus was able to configure from biological matter.
source
Dr. Montagnier's hypothesis is that the electromagnetic signals are causing particular water structures which then orchestrate the assembly of the virus:
"It was further verified that this DNA had a sequence identical or close to identical to the original DNA sequence of the LTR. In fact, it was 98 % identical"
the 2% of unidentical code leaves plenty of room for variability of protein capsids to trick hosts.
The study of virus evolution has historically been concerned with disease and its emergence and has not been integrated into the general study of evolution. Yet viruses dominate our planet and their evolution is a broad and applied field that can be studied in the real time (such HIV in human disease) and can also be applied to biotechnological problems. Virus evolution is very similar, but not identical, to host evolution
originally posted by: Venkuish1
The poster has made a number of false claims.
One of them is that viruses don't involve.
originally posted by: cooperton
originally posted by: Venkuish1
The poster has made a number of false claims.
One of them is that viruses don't involve.
If viruses can evolve into other viruses, then show an example. Show where an influenza strain has become a polio strain, for example. None of your links document such a thing
originally posted by: Venkuish1
You now make further claims the influenza virus can evolve into an HIV or poliovirus so evolution isn't correct.
That's remarkable!
Keep making these claims. They are similar to the claims made 'if humans descended from monkeys then why monkeys haven't evolved to become human? '
If viruses can evolve into other viruses, then show an example. Show where an influenza strain has become a polio strain, for example...
originally posted by: Kurokage
That statement clearly show your misunderstanding of even basic biology.
originally posted by: cooperton
originally posted by: Venkuish1
You now make further claims the influenza virus can evolve into an HIV or poliovirus so evolution isn't correct.
That's remarkable!
Keep making these claims. They are similar to the claims made 'if humans descended from monkeys then why monkeys haven't evolved to become human? '
Lol no it's not. Asking for evidence that evolution can happens is key to demonstrating that evolution is indeed a fact.
You call evolution a fact, yet you can't supply evidence that evolution actually occurs. Since you can't find examples of a population of organisms becoming something else, then that means there's not actual evidence that evolution is responsible for the origin of species.
Come on dude, keep googling, maybe you can find that hidden nobel-prize winning experiment that actually proves evolution happens
Virus evolution is very similar, but not identical, to host evolution
Evolution of Viruses
The study of virus evolution has historically been concerned with disease and its emergence and has not been integrated into the general study of evolution. Yet viruses dominate our planet and their evolution is a broad and applied field that can be studied in the real time (such HIV in human disease) and can also be applied to biotechnological problems. Virus evolution is very similar, but not identical, to host evolution. Darwinian principles apply, such as with Fisher population genetics, but other features, such as reticulated and quasispecies-based evolution, distinguish virus evolution. In RNA viruses, high error rates have led to the quasispecies concept in which collective populations are the basis of evolution. These populations provide viruses with high capacities for adaptation. Yet some RNA viruses show remarkable evolutionary stability. With DNA viruses, especially of bacteria, extensive recombination defines vast dynamic and ancient genetic pools. Temperate viruses can directly affect host gene pools by stable colonization. DNA viruses can be genetically complex and have evolved many unique viral genes. The retroviruses show both quasispecies-based rapid evolution and host-linked slow coevolution (e.g., endogenous retroviruses). Thus, virus evolution impacts all life and viral emergence continues to threaten human health.....
The study of virus variation and evolution is an applied science that allows the observation of evolutionary change in real time. For example, human individuals (or populations) infected with either human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) show progressive or geographical evolutionary adaptation associated with the emergence of specific viral clades that affect disease therapy and progression (such as resistance to antiviral drugs). Figure 1 shows HIV variation in an individual human patient whereas Figure 2 shows HCV variation in the human population. Virus evolution is also important for the commercial growth of various organisms, such as the dairy industry (lactose fermenting bacteria), the brewing industry, agriculture, aquaculture, and farming. In all these applied cases major losses can result from virus adaptation to the cultivated species, often from viruses of wild species.
originally posted by: Kurokage
a reply to: cooperton
If viruses can evolve into other viruses, then show an example. Show where an influenza strain has become a polio strain, for example...
That statement clearly show your misunderstanding of even basic biology.
originally posted by: Venkuish1
These are research/review papers written by scientists. Do you think that they are somehow brainwashed to believe in evolution? That's another ridiculous claim you made earlier.
originally posted by: Kurokage
a reply to: cooperton
Have a look
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov...
Evolution of Viruses
The study of virus evolution has historically been concerned with disease and its emergence and has not been integrated into the general study of evolution. Yet viruses dominate our planet and their evolution is a broad and applied field that can be studied in the real time (such HIV in human disease) and can also be applied to biotechnological problems. Virus evolution is very similar, but not identical, to host evolution. Darwinian principles apply, such as with Fisher population genetics, but other features, such as reticulated and quasispecies-based evolution, distinguish virus evolution. In RNA viruses, high error rates have led to the quasispecies concept in which collective populations are the basis of evolution. These populations provide viruses with high capacities for adaptation. Yet some RNA viruses show remarkable evolutionary stability. With DNA viruses, especially of bacteria, extensive recombination defines vast dynamic and ancient genetic pools. Temperate viruses can directly affect host gene pools by stable colonization. DNA viruses can be genetically complex and have evolved many unique viral genes. The retroviruses show both quasispecies-based rapid evolution and host-linked slow coevolution (e.g., endogenous retroviruses). Thus, virus evolution impacts all life and viral emergence continues to threaten human health.....
The study of virus variation and evolution is an applied science that allows the observation of evolutionary change in real time. For example, human individuals (or populations) infected with either human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) show progressive or geographical evolutionary adaptation associated with the emergence of specific viral clades that affect disease therapy and progression (such as resistance to antiviral drugs). Figure 1 shows HIV variation in an individual human patient whereas Figure 2 shows HCV variation in the human population. Virus evolution is also important for the commercial growth of various organisms, such as the dairy industry (lactose fermenting bacteria), the brewing industry, agriculture, aquaculture, and farming. In all these applied cases major losses can result from virus adaptation to the cultivated species, often from viruses of wild species.
originally posted by: neoholographicpart2
The Odds of a Cell Forming Randomly by Chance Alone
…in nature every amino acid found in proteins…has a distinct mirror image of itself; there is one left-handed version, or L-form, and one right-handed version, or D-form…The probability of attaining, at random, only L-amino acids in a hypothetical peptide chain 150 amino acids long is…again roughly 1 chance in 10^45.
The results of a paper he published in 2004 were particularly telling. Axe performed a mutagenesis experiment using his refined method on a functionally significant 150-amino-acid section of a protein called betalactamase, an enzyme that confers antibiotic resistance uopn bacteria. On the basis of his experiments, Axe was able to make a careful estimate of the ratio of (a) the number of 150-amino-acid-sequences that can perform that particular function to (b) the whole set of possible amino-acid sequences of this length. Axe estimated this ratio to be a 1 to 10^77.
If we assume that a minimally complex cell needs at least 250 proteins of, on average, 150 amino acids and that the probability of producing just one such protein is 1 in 10^164 as calculated above, then the probability of producing all the necessary proteins needed to service a minimally complex cell is 1 in 10^164 multiplied by itself 250 times, or 1 in 10^41,000.
cyberpenance.wordpress.com...
Introduction to virus origins and their role in biological evolution
Viruses are diverse parasites of cells and extremely abundant. They might have arisen during an early phase of the evolution of life on Earth dominated by ribonucleic acid or RNA-like macromolecules, or when a cellular world was already well established. The theories of the origin of life on Earth shed light on the possible origin of primitive viruses or virus-like genetic elements in our biosphere. Some features of present-day viruses, notably error-prone replication, might be a consequence of the selective forces that mediated their ancestral origin. Two views on the role of viruses in our biosphere predominate; viruses considered as opportunistic, selfish elements, and viruses considered as active participants in the construction of the cellular world via the lateral transfer of genes.
To approach the behavior of viruses acting as populations, we must first examine the diversity of the present-day biosphere and the physical and biological context in which primitive viral forms might have arisen. Evolution pervades nature. Thanks to new theories and to the availability of powerful instruments, new experimental procedures, and increasing computing power—which together constitute the very roots of scientific progress—we know that the physical and biological worlds are constantly evolving. Several classes of energy have gradually shaped matter and living entities, basically as the outcome of random events and Darwinian natural selection in its broadest sense. The identification of DNA as the genetic material and the advent of genomics in the second half of the twentieth century unveiled an astonishing degree of diversity within the living world that derives mainly from combinations of four classes of nucleotides. Biodiversity, a term coined by O. Wilson in 1984 and emphasized by T. Lovejoy and others, is a feature of all living beings, be differentiated multicellular organisms, single-cell organisms, or subcellular genetic elements, among them the viruses. Next-generation sequencing methods developed at the beginning of the 21st century allow thousands of sequences from the same biological sample (a microbial community in a soil or ocean sample, a tumor, or an infected host) to be determined. These procedures have documented the presence of myriads of variants in a “single biological entity” or in “communities of biological entities.” Differences extend to individuals that belong to the same biological group, be it Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Escherichia coli, or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). No exceptions have been described. Diversity is extensive and not restricted to the genotypic level. It also affects phenotypic traits.
These are similar to the mathematical solutions I found as well. Even to beneficially change a functional group on a protein has been calculated to not be possible even after billions of years.
Chance plays a part in evolution (for example, in the random mutations that can give rise to new traits), but evolution does not depend on chance to create organisms, proteins or other entities. Quite the opposite: natural selection, the principal known mechanism of evolution, harnesses nonrandom change by preserving “desirable” (adaptive) features and eliminating “undesirable” (nonadaptive) ones. As long as the forces of selection stay constant, natural selection can push evolution in one direction and produce sophisticated structures in surprisingly short times.
As an analogy, consider the 13-letter sequence “TOBEORNOTTOBE.” A million hypothetical monkeys, each typing out one phrase a second on a keyboard, could take as long as 78,800 years to find it among the 2613 sequences of that length. But in the 1980s Richard Hardison, then at Glendale College, wrote a computer program that generated phrases randomly while preserving the positions of individual letters that happened to be correctly placed (in effect, selecting for phrases more like Hamlet's). On average, the program re-created the phrase in just 336 iterations, less than 90 seconds. Even more amazing, it could reconstruct Shakespeare's entire play in just four and a half days.
originally posted by: cooperton
originally posted by: Venkuish1
These are research/review papers written by scientists. Do you think that they are somehow brainwashed to believe in evolution? That's another ridiculous claim you made earlier.
I never said they are brainwashed, I think they too would admit there's no empirical example that a viruses can evolve into a different virus over time.
originally posted by: Kurokage
a reply to: cooperton
Have a look
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov...
Evolution of Viruses
The study of virus evolution has historically been concerned with disease and its emergence and has not been integrated into the general study of evolution. Yet viruses dominate our planet and their evolution is a broad and applied field that can be studied in the real time (such HIV in human disease) and can also be applied to biotechnological problems. Virus evolution is very similar, but not identical, to host evolution. Darwinian principles apply, such as with Fisher population genetics, but other features, such as reticulated and quasispecies-based evolution, distinguish virus evolution. In RNA viruses, high error rates have led to the quasispecies concept in which collective populations are the basis of evolution. These populations provide viruses with high capacities for adaptation. Yet some RNA viruses show remarkable evolutionary stability. With DNA viruses, especially of bacteria, extensive recombination defines vast dynamic and ancient genetic pools. Temperate viruses can directly affect host gene pools by stable colonization. DNA viruses can be genetically complex and have evolved many unique viral genes. The retroviruses show both quasispecies-based rapid evolution and host-linked slow coevolution (e.g., endogenous retroviruses). Thus, virus evolution impacts all life and viral emergence continues to threaten human health.....
The study of virus variation and evolution is an applied science that allows the observation of evolutionary change in real time. For example, human individuals (or populations) infected with either human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) show progressive or geographical evolutionary adaptation associated with the emergence of specific viral clades that affect disease therapy and progression (such as resistance to antiviral drugs). Figure 1 shows HIV variation in an individual human patient whereas Figure 2 shows HCV variation in the human population. Virus evolution is also important for the commercial growth of various organisms, such as the dairy industry (lactose fermenting bacteria), the brewing industry, agriculture, aquaculture, and farming. In all these applied cases major losses can result from virus adaptation to the cultivated species, often from viruses of wild species.
Wow that's a lot of writing with no example of a viral population evolving into a different virus over time. As I said before, it doesn't even matter anyway, viruses aren't independent lifeforms.
originally posted by: cooperton
a reply to: Kurokage
Organisms can adapt, but there's no evidence that they can accumulate these adaptations to gradually become another organism. A pig can jump, but it can't fly.
originally posted by: Kurokage
Again, this falls into the same ridiculous notion of if we evolved from apes why are there still apes...