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In theory, SARS leapt from a wild beast to a human when it acquired the molecular “keys” to gain entry to our cells, explains Lai. To do that, it may have first mingled with a human virus brewing inside another species. A pig, for example, can serve as a genetic mixing bowl when co-infected with two viruses, allowing them to swap genes.
In a recent experiment to show how easily the coronavirus can morph and become harmful in a new species, Peter Rottier of Utrecht University in the Netherlands simulated a gene swap by taking a coronavirus that is lethal to cats and adding a single gene fragment from a mouse virus. The recombinant virus was lethal to both animals. “Coronaviruses have a unique ability to mix with other viruses,” Lai says.
Meanwhile, scientists from Lyon to Winnipeg are spraying, injecting, and orally feeding the coronavirus to monkeys, dogs, cats, mice and rabbits. Goats and sheep are next. “We want to see how they react to high doses of the virus, how susceptible they are, which replicate the virus, which excrete it, which show antibodies,” says Klaus Stohr, chief SARS scientist for the World Health Organization’s Animal Influenza Network.