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Laboratory P-wave measurements in dry and saturated sand
www.researchgate.net...
Abstract
We measure the P-wave velocity in a clean medium sand subject to very low stress in a large-scale laboratory cross-hole experiment for frequencies less than 10kHz. In dry sand the velocity is depth-, and therefore, stress-dependent according to a power law. The velocity in partially saturated sand is essentially the same as in dry sand, which confirms the analytical result of the Biot–Gassmann theory. At 100% saturation, the velocity largely exceeds that in dry and partially saturated sand, once again in accordance with the Biot–Gassmann theory. However, the theory under-predicts velocities by up to 12% in some cases at full saturation. The maximum attenuation determined from spectral analysis of the measured signals closely matches the characteristic frequency predicted by the Biot model.
CONCLUSION
Near the times of the planes' impacts into the Twin Towers and during their collapses, as well as during the collapse of WTC7, seismic waves were generated.
To the degree that
(1) seismic waves are created only by brief impulses and
(2) low frequencies are associated with energy of a magnitude that is comparable to a seismic event, the waves recorded at Palisades and analyzed by LDEO undeniably have an explosive origin.
Even if the planes' impacts and the fall of the debris from the Towers onto the ground could have generated seismic waves, their magnitude would have been insufficient to be recorded 34 km away and should have been very similar in the two cases to one another.
As we have shown, they were not.
The types and magnitudes of the seismic signals show significant differences. The greatest differences occur in their propagation speeds, even though their paths were essentially identical under identical conditions.
This difference is physically unexplained in the interpretation of the events offered by the LDEO researchers, the 9/11 Commission and NIST.
Therefore, we must question their calculations of wave propagation speeds based on their assumption that the wave origins are shown on the video images of impacts and collapses.
We can only conclude that the wave sources were independently detonated explosives at other times, thus accounting for the variable discrepancies for each wave origin in relation to the videos.
The composition of the waves is revealing both in terms of the location of the source and the magnitude of the energy transmitted to the ground.
The subterranean origin of the waves emitted when WTC1 collapsed is attested by the presence of the P and S body waves along with the Rayleigh surface waves.
The placement of the source of the four other explosions is subaerial, attested by the unique presence of only Rayleigh waves
originally posted by: tadaman
a reply to: neutronflux
The pattern is the same.
In every one
Therefore, we must question their calculations of wave propagation speeds based on their assumption that the wave origins are shown on the video images of impacts and collapses.
The subterranean origin of the waves emitted when WTC1 collapsed is attested by the presence of the P and S body waves along with the Rayleigh surface waves.
The subterranean origin of the waves emitted when WTC1 collapsed is attested by the presence of the P and S body waves along with the Rayleigh surface waves.
The placement of the source of the four other explosions is subaerial, attested by the unique presence of only Rayleigh waves
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface acoustic wave that travel along the surface of solids.
en.m.wikipedia.org...
Forensic Seismology
blogs.scientificamerican.com...
The analysis of seismic waves provided also insights on what happened September 11, 2001 in New York. Seismograph stations around the city recorded the signals generated by the aircraft impacts and the subsequent collapse of the two towers of the World Trade Center (the Lamont-Doherty Cooperative Seismographic Network provides a rich collection of datasets of the seismic activity around N.Y.). The collapse of the south tower generated a signal with a magnitude of 2.1 and the collapse of the north tower, whit a signal of magnitude 2.3, was recorded by 13 stations ranging in distance from 34 to 428km.
Also these seismograms show a distinct pattern if compared to the pattern caused by a natural earthquake. There are no P or S Waves, but the impacts of the buildings on the ground generated a sudden peak of short-period Rayleigh Waves.
originally posted by: carewemust
I thought it was settled (by the "911 Commission") that only airliners were directly, and in-directly, responsible for the horrific NYC building collapses on Sept 11, 2001.
Apparently, there's enough evidence to prove the 911 Commission findings as errored/wrong!
originally posted by: tadaman
a reply to: MrSporkster
It is not settled as agreed by a myriad of professionals from many disciplines.
Yes there is evidence. I linked it.
You may disagree with it but it does exist.
originally posted by: tadaman
a reply to: MrSporkster
They come up with different explanations for the unanswered oddities.
Like how a tower collapse sends underground seismic waves of the magnitude recorded so far away. There were no seismic recorders in NYC
Professionals ask this. Not random guys.
originally posted by: tadaman
a reply to: mrthumpy
Thats not how it works. More and closer instruments to the event may have recorded increased magnitude than what was recorded. Its crazy that much energy was detected so far away.
2.3 and 2.1 were recorded by instruments 34 kilometers from NYC.
Two identical tower collapses don't send different shock waves. We see that.
The signatures match those of underground explosions.
We have other recordings that show the actual collapses. They barely registered but coincide with video evidence as far as when which reading corresponds to which event.
The 2 sharp, powerful underground shockwaves were precursors to the collapse.