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Originally posted by piotrburz
Sorry OP but could you explain me those graphs/charts you have provided on the first page?
It seems like the bottom ones have been made by copying the same picture throughout the graph.
source(en.wikipedia.org...
First Graph
TextX-ray emission is expected from astronomical objects that contain an extremely hot gas at temperatures from about a million kelvin (K) to hundreds of millions of kelvin (MK). Although X-rays have been observed emanating from the Sun since the 1940s, the discovery in 1962 of the first cosmic X-ray source was a surprise. This source is called Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1), the first X-ray source found in the constellation Scorpius. The X-ray emission of Scorpius X-1 is 10,000 times greater than its visual emission, whereas that of the Sun is about a million times less. In addition, the energy output in X-rays is 100,000 times greater than the total emission of the Sun in all wavelengths. Based on discoveries in this new field of X-ray astronomy, starting with Scorpius X-1, Riccardo Giacconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. It is now known that such X-ray sources as Sco X-1 are compact stars, such as neutron stars or black holes. Material falling into a black hole may emit X-rays, but the black hole itself does not. The energy source for the X-ray emission is gravity. Gas is heated by the fall in the strong gravitational field of these and other celestial objects.
Second Graph,
Originally posted by piotrburz
Sorry OP but could you explain me those graphs/charts you have provided on the first page?
It seems like the bottom ones have been made by copying the same picture throughout the graph.
source(www.answers.com...
TextSubatomic particles that move through space close to the speed of light; their origin is one of the major unsolved mysteries of astrophysics, although researchers are moving closer to a solution. Cosmic rays consist of about 85% protons, 14% alpha particles (helium nuclei), about 1% electrons and other elementary particles, and a tiny smattering of nuclei heavier than helium. Their energies range from 10 million eV to 1 million trillion eV—equivalent, at the high end, to the punch of a major league baseball pitch. Three categories of cosmic rays are recognized: solar, galactic, and extragalactic. Solar cosmic rays, with energies of 107 to 1010 eV, are ejected by the Sun during solar flares. Galactic cosmic rays, with energies of 1010 to 1015 eV and extragalactic cosmic rays, with energies up to 1018 eV, come from all parts of the sky and, at lower energies, have their original directions partially scrambled by the galactic magnetic field. Read more: www.answers.com...
source(www.ipellejero.es...
TextThe Earth is subject to the radiation coming from the Sun. Part of this radiation is ionizing and can excite the oxygen and hydrogen molecules in the ionosphere, causing them to oscillate. This oscillation may cause those molecules to be dissociated into two atoms or even those atoms to detach some of their electrons. The most ionizing radiations generated by the Sun are within the range of the UV-rays (wavelength between 20-300 angstroms) and the X-Rays (wavelength between 8-20 angstroms). The electron density in the ionosphere increases, causing radio waves absorption in the HF band, making communications difficult to establish and even total radio fadeouts. The following graph shows real-time data of the ionizing radiation density flux in the X-Ray band, coming from the Sun and measured by the NASA GOES spacecrafts. The solar X-ray image shown is the last one taken by the GOES-15 spacecraft.
source(space.ustc.edu.cn...
TextAbstract Interplanetary magnetic clouds (MCs) are one of the main sources of large nonrecurrent geomagnetic storms. With the aid of a force-free flux rope model, the dependence of the intensity of geomagnetic activity (indicated by Dst index) on the axial orientation (denoted by θ and φ in GSE coordinates) of the magnetic cloud is analyzed theoretically. The distribution of the Dst values in the (θ, φ) plane is calculated by changing the axial orientation for various cases. It is concluded that (i) geomagnetic storms tend to occur in the region of θ < 0°, especially in the region of θ −45°, where larger geomagnetic activity could be created; (ii) the intensity of geomagnetic activity varies more strongly with θ than with φ; (iii) when the parameters B0 (the magnetic field strength at the flux rope axis), R0 (the radius of the flux rope), or V (the bulk speed) increase, or |D| (the shortest distance between the flux rope axis and the x-axis in GSE coordinates) decreases, a flux rope not only can increase the intensity of geomagnetic activity, but also is more likely to create a storm, however the variation of n (the density) only has a little effect on the intensity; (iv) the most efficient orientation (MEO) in which a flux rope can cause the largest geomagnetic activity appears at φ ∼ 0° or ∼180°, and some value of θ which depends mainly on D; (v) the minimum Dst value that could be caused by a flux rope is the most sensitive to changes in B0 and V of the flux rope, and for a stronger and/or faster MC, a wider range of orientations will be geoeffective. Further, through analyzing 20 MC-caused moderate to large geomagnetic storms during 1998 – 2003, a long-term prediction of MC-caused geomagnetic storms on the basis of the flux rope model is proposed and assessed. The comparison between the theoretical results and the observations shows that there is a close linear correlation between the estimated and observed minimum Dst values. This suggests that using the ideal flux rope to predict practical MC-caused geomagnetic storms is applicable. The possibility of the long-term prediction of MC-caused geomagnetic storms is discussed briefly.
source(solarham.com...
Text- The sun has a magnetic field which the solar wind can carry throughout the solar system. This is called the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Earth also has a magnetic field which forms a bubble around our planet. This is called the Magnetosphere. This bubble deflects the solar wind. Earth's magnetic field comes into contact with the sun's magnetic field in a place called the magnetopause. Here is the catch. Earth's magnetic field points north. When the sun's magnetic field points south, also known as southward Bz.. it may cancel Earth's magnetic field at point of contact. When the Bz is south the 2 fields link up. This basically opens up a door that may allow energy from the solar wind to reach Earth's atmosphere
source(en.wikipedia.org...
TextThe solar wind is a stream of charged particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. It mostly consists of electrons and protons with energies usually between 1.5 and 10 keV. The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed over time. These particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high kinetic energy and the high temperature of the corona. The solar wind creates the heliosphere, a vast bubble in the interstellar medium that surrounds the Solar System. Other phenomena include geomagnetic storms that can knock out power grids on Earth, the aurorae (northern and southern lights), and the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun.
source(solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov...
TextThe solar wind streams off of the Sun in all directions at speeds of about 400 km/s (about 1 million miles per hour). The source of the solar wind is the Sun's hot corona. The temperature of the corona is so high that the Sun's gravity cannot hold on to it. Although we understand why this happens we do not understand the details about how and where the coronal gases are accelerated to these high velocities. This question is related to the question of coronal heating. Click on image for larger version. Solar Wind Variations The solar wind is not uniform. Although it is always directed away from the Sun, it changes speed and carries with it magnetic clouds, interacting regions where high speed wind catches up with slow speed wind, and composition variations. The solar wind speed is high (800 km/s) over coronal holes and low (300 km/s) over streamers. These high and low speed streams interact with each other and alternately pass by the Earth as the Sun rotates. These wind speed variations buffet the Earth's magnetic field and can produce storms in the Earth's magneto
source(www.slidefinder.net/s/.../28791129/p3
TextThe Geomagnetic Disturbance Storm Index Dst (nT) During a typical geomagnetic storm the magnetic field is depressed (H component is negative) everywhere in the middle and lower latitudes of the Earth
We will have multiple magnetic poles during poles shift and the compass will point to the strongest magnetic pole.We could have more then 6 so called "north" magnetic poles,that were moving fast or slow migrating to where the shift will end or entire system will regain equilibrium.
but if the poles do shift does that mean a compass would literally be pointing where south used to be, and north would now be
source(en.wikipedia.org...
TextThe cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis suggests that there have been geologically rapid shifts in the relative positions of the modern-day geographic locations of the poles and the axis of rotation of the Earth, creating calamities such as floods and tectonic events.[1] No form of the hypothesis is accepted amongst the general scientific community.[citation needed] There is evidence of precession and changes in axial tilt, but this change is on much longer time-scales and does not involve relative motion of the spin axis with respect to the planet.[citation needed] However, in what is known as true polar wander, the solid Earth can rotate with respect to a fixed spin axis. Research shows that during the last 200 million years a total true polar wander of some 30° has occurred, but that no super-rapid shifts in the Earth's pole were found during this period.[2] A characteristic rate of true polar wander is 1° per million years or less.[3] Between approximately 790 and 810 million years ago, when the supercontinent Rodinia existed, two geologically-rapid phases of true polar wander may have occurred. In each of these, the Earth rotated ~55°.[4]
source(www.icnirp.de...
TextDosimetry To understand the biological effects of electric and magnetic fields, it is important to consider the fields directly influencing cells in different parts of the body and tissues. A dose can then be defined as an 3 appropriate function of the electric and magnetic fields at the point of interaction. The establishment of a relationship between the external nonperturbed fields and internal fields is the main objective of dosimetry. Computational studies using voxel-based models of humans and animals, and experimental studies of exposure are important aspects of dosimetry. The interactions of tissue with static magnetic fields are likely to be parametric of physical properties of the field including the magnetic field vector, the gradient of the magnetic field, and/or the product of those quantities, often termed the ‘force product’. Some of the larger interactions are characterized by motion through these field quantities, such as body motion or blood flow. Appropriate dosimetric parameters depend on the physical mechanism for the safety concern. Clearly, ferromagnetic objects must be restricted from the vicinity of the magnet. Screening for such objects and for implants that may move either due to forces or torques is imperative. Measures of peak magnetic induction vector and peak magnetic force product are appropriate. Field maps may be used to estimate these at various locations near the magnets where workers may be exposed, but personal dosimetry may be more useful. Movement of the whole or part of the body, e.g. eyes and head, in a static magnetic field gradient will also induce an electric field and current during the period of movement. Dosimetric calculation suggests that such induced electric fields will be substantial during normal movement around or within fields > 2 - 3 T, and may account for the numerous anecdotal reports of vertigo and occasionally magnetic phosphenes experienced by patients, volunteers and workers during movement in the field. There are many sources of exposure and one of the most prolific is that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment. In the past decade, there has been a concerted effort to enable MRI to operate at very high field strengths. The most common system in current clinical use has a 1.5 T central field. However, 3.0 T systems are now accepted for routine clinical work and more than 100 systems were operational worldwide by 2004. Research systems from 4 - 9.4 T are now being developed for clinical imaging. As the field strength of the MRI system increases, so does the potential for a variety of types of tissue/field interactions. Understanding the interactions between the electromagnetic fields generated by MRI systems and the human body has become more significant with this push to high field strengths.
source(www.icnirp.de...
TextThe cognitive and behavioural effects of static magnetic fields should be investigated further. However, the available data do not suggest particular risks to specific aspects of cognition nor do they suggest which parameters should be tested in the laboratory. In the absence of a clear direction, a possible approach would be to investigate the effects of exposure on the performance of a battery of cognitive tasks that encompass standard tests of attention, reaction time and memory, if only to act as an initial screen pending more focused work. The initial work could be done with volunteers as part of experimental studies. (Medium priority) With a wider utilization of MRI studies where support staff are in close proximity to patients within a magnet, such as in MRI interventional procedures, additional studies are needed of head and eye coordination, cognitive performance and behaviour in a gradient field. Further investigation of mechanisms and intensity of field-induced vestibular dysfunction including vertigo is considered of special interest because of the increasing likelihood that medical staff will be performing complicated tasks for extended periods of time within a magnetic field.
I know that but we could experience both in the same time.
TextTrue polar wander and geomagnetic reversals are not the same thing