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"I believe in mind control," Xavier
Brain-computer interfaces
Think it, and the computer will do it. This ultimate melding of mind-and-machine is closer than you might suppose, yet will have to overcome some potential show-stoppers before ever becoming fast enough or commonplace.
Known as a brain-computer interface (BCI), the method translates the electrical impulses of neurons to actions on a computer screen or mechanical device.
As with voice recognition, BCIs have arisen to help those with injuries or debilitating ailments, such as brain stem strokes or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, often called Lou Gehrig's disease. Over the past decade, BCIs have enabled human patients who cannot move their bodies to move a cursor on a monitor.
A long-recognized problem in developing commercial BCIs for healthy people is that getting a strong, clear enough signal from the brain requires implanting electrodes that are prone to infection, bodily rejection and forming of scar tissue.
However, other existing, non-invasive brain scan technologies such as electroencephalography (EEG) – worn shower-cap style with electrodes on the scalp – have made some strides recently.
At the CeBIT tradeshow in Germany earlier this month, Guger Technologies showed off the Intendix device, which the company calls the “world’s first BCI speller.” Letters and numbers on a virtual keyboard flash on the monitor, and when the one you want lights up, Intendix registers a slight spike in brain activity and presto, the character is selected.
The company says Intendix will let injured or ill people communicate, and that learning how to use the Intendix interface takes mere minutes to produce a character rate of five to 10 per minute. This is clearly too slow for everyday use by healthy people, and another disadvantage is that the device cost $12,000.
Down the road, continuing research into "neural prosthetics" – devices connected to people's brains and operated by brain waves – may pave the way for possible desktop adoption.
Whatever the future might hold for human-computer interfaces, it seems that the mouse's days as a humble, steady workhorse appear just as numbered as those of the horse-and-buggy of yesteryear
See link for full article.
Christian Wentz from MIT has designed a hat that wouldn’t look out of place at a horse race or a royal wedding. It consists of two circuit boards and an antenna, and it’s being modelled by a mouse. Wentz has wired the hat directly to the mouse’s brain and he can use it to control the animal’s behaviour with flashes of light. And most importantly, he can do it from afar.
The wireless helmet is the latest innovation in the exciting field of optogenetics, where scientists can use light to control the behaviour of both cells and entire animals. The typical set up involves loading cells – usually neurons – with a light-sensitive gatekeeper protein. When the protein sees the light, it opens up and allows ions to enter the neuron, making it fire.
By introducing the proteins into the right spot, scientists can switch on specific parts of the brain, or even individual neurons. They can turn on aggressive or sexual behaviour or make animals walk in circles. The technique promises to revolutionise our understanding of the way the brain works. It could even help to develop treatments for diseases.
But optogenetics has always had a problem – there has to be a way of delivering the light to the altered neurons. Most people do it with optic fibres, tethered to a laser or an LED. But these have obvious drawbacks. You can only work with a few animals at a time because the fibres might tangle and break. You can’t do long-term studies for the same reasons. And you need to handle their animals at the start of each experiment, which could distress them and change their behaviour.
Ideally, there would be some way of remotely turning on the lights at will. Ed Boyden, one of the founders of optogenetics and the leader of this study, says that some groups have tried to create battery-powered devices that emit light from LEDs. But these have generally failed. “The problem is that light sources are quite energy-inefficient,” says Boyden. “LEDSs and lasers dissipate a lot of their energy in heat, so you need quite high currents or power levels in order to get them to go.” This means that you need a large battery, one that typically weighs as much as the mouse itself! “I don’t think that any of these devices have been used in scientific papers in the last 5 years,” says Boyden.
Instead of batteries, Wentz has created an optogenetics hat that runs off wireless power. A nearby transmitter, that isn’t connected to the mouse, creates a magnetic field that is picked up by antennae on the rodent’s helmet. The field induces an electric current, which can power a set of 16 LEDs in the helmet. These provide the necessary light to set off the genetically altered neurons in the mouse’s brain.
Tan Le, a Vietnamese-Australian telecommunications entrepreneur, is president and co-founder of Emotiv Systems, a neuro-engineering company that developed a breakthrough interface technology for digital media, taking inputs directly from the brain. Tan Le's vision is to revolutionize human-computer input in the same way the graphic user interface did 20 years ago.
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