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Executive summary
The last three decades have witnessed a global increase in the criminalization of improper drug
use. Criminalization has resulted in increased use of harsh punitive sanctions imposed on drug
offenders and dramatic increases in rates of incarceration. These policies have had limited
impact on eliminating or reducing illegal drug use and may have resulted in adverse
consequences for social and community health. The criminal justice system has proved to be
an ineffective forum for managing or controlling many aspects of the drug trade or the problem
of illegal drug usage. In recent years, some progress has been reported when governing
bodies have managed drug use and addiction as a public health problem which requires
treatment, counseling and medical interventions rather than incarceration.
Primarily as a result of drug policy, the number of people currently incarcerated worldwide is at
an all time high of ten million.
In the United States, the prison population has increased from 300,000 in 1972 to 2.3 million
people today. One in 31 adults in the United States is in jail, prison, on probation or parole.
The American government currently spends over 68 billion dollars a year on incarceration.
The Commission’s recommendations are summarized in the Executive
Summary below this release. They include:
● End the criminalization, marginalization and stigmatization of people who
use drugs but who do no harm to others.
● Encourage experimentation by governments with models of legal regulation
of drugs (especially cannabis) to undermine the power of organized crime and
safeguard the health and security of their citizens.
● Ensure that a variety of treatment modalities are available – including not
just methadone and buprenorphine treatment but also the heroin-assisted
treatment programs that have proven successful in many European countries
and Canada.
● Apply human rights and harm reduction principles and policies both to
people who use drugs as well as those involved in the lower ends of illegal
drug markets such as farmers, couriers and petty sellers.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The global war on drugs has failed, with devastating consequences for
individuals and societies around the world. Fifty years after the initiation of the
UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and 40 years after President Nixon
launched the US government’s war on drugs, fundamental reforms in national
and global drug control policies are urgently needed.
Vast expenditures on criminalization and repressive measures directed at
producers, traffickers and consumers of illegal drugs have clearly failed to
effectively curtail supply or consumption. Apparent victories in eliminating one
source or trafficking organization are negated almost instantly by the
emergence of other sources and traffickers. Repressive efforts directed at
consumers impede public health measures to reduce HIV/AIDS, overdose
fatalities and other harmful consequences of drug use. Government
expenditures on futile supply reduction strategies and incarceration displace
more cost-effective and evidence-based investments in demand and harm
reduction.
Our principles and recommendations can be summarized as follows:
End the criminalization, marginalization and stigmatization of people who use
drugs but who do no harm to others. Challenge rather than reinforce common
misconceptions about drug markets, drug use and drug dependence.
Encourage experimentation by governments with models of legal regulation of
drugs to undermine the power of organized crime and safeguard the health
and security of their citizens. This recommendation applies especially to
cannabis, but we also encourage other experiments in decriminalization and
legal regulation that can accomplish these objectives and provide models for
others.
Offer health and treatment services to those in need. Ensure that a variety of
treatment modalities are available, including not just methadone and
buprenorphine treatment but also the heroin-assisted treatment programs that
have proven successful in many European countries and Canada. Implement
syringe access and other harm reduction measures that have proven effective
in reducing transmission of HIV and other blood-borne infections as well as
fatal overdoses. Respect the human rights of people who use drugs. Abolish
abusive practices carried out in the name of treatment – such as forced
detention, forced labor, and physical or psychological abuse – that contravene
human rights standards and norms or that remove the right to selfdetermination.
Apply much the same principles and policies stated above to people involved
in the lower ends of illegal drug markets, such as farmers, couriers and petty
sellers. Many are themselves victims of violence and intimidation or are drug
dependent. Arresting and incarcerating tens of millions of these people in
recent decades has filled prisons and destroyed lives and families without
reducing the availability of illicit drugs or the power of criminal organizations.
There appears to be almost no limit to the number of people willing to engage
in such activities to better their lives, provide for their families, or otherwise
escape poverty. Drug control resources are better directed elsewhere.
Invest in activities that can both prevent young people from taking drugs in the
first place and also prevent those who do use drugs from developing more
serious problems. Eschew simplistic ‘just say no’ messages and ‘zero
tolerance’ policies in favor of educational efforts grounded in credible
information and prevention programs that focus on social skills and peer
influences. The most successful prevention efforts may be those targeted at
specific at-risk groups.
Focus repressive actions on violent criminal organizations, but do so in ways
that undermine their power and reach while prioritizing the reduction of
violence and intimidation. Law enforcement efforts should focus not on
reducing drug markets per se but rather on reducing their harms to
individuals, communities and national security.
Begin the transformation of the global drug prohibition regime. Replace drug
policies and strategies driven by ideology and political convenience with
fiscally responsible policies and strategies grounded in science, health,
security and human rights – and adopt appropriate criteria for their evaluation.
Review the scheduling of drugs that has resulted in obvious anomalies like
the flawed categorization of cannabis, coca leaf and MDMA. Ensure that the
international conventions are interpreted and/or revised to accommodate
robust experimentation with harm reduction, decriminalization and legal
regulatory policies.
Break the taboo on debate and reform. The time for action is now.