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The ionic tail, known as type I or plasma, is made up of ions. This tail is straight and is always opposed to the direction of the Sun. It is up to 100 000 km wide and of a few tens of million km long. Blue is the colour which dominates its spectrum.
The most prominent instrument at the HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite a limited area of the ionosphere.
The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km to more than 1000 km. It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
X-rays: sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID)When the sun is active, strong solar flares can occur that will hit the Earth with hard X-rays on the sunlit side of the Earth. They will penetrate to the D-region, release electrons which will rapidly increase absorption causing a High Frequency (3-30 MHz) radio blackout. During this time Very Low Frequency (3 – 30 kHz) signals will become reflected by the D layer instead of the E layer, where the increased atmospheric density will usually increase the absorption of the wave, and thus dampen it. As soon as the X-rays end, the sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) or radio black-out ends as the electrons in the D-region recombine rapidly and signal strengths return to normal.
[edit] Protons: polar cap absorption (PCA)Associated with solar flares is a release of high-energy protons. These particles can hit the Earth within 15 minutes to 2 hours of the solar flare. The protons spiral around and down the magnetic field lines of the Earth and penetrate into the atmosphere near the magnetic poles increasing the ionization of the D and E layers. PCA's typically last anywhere from about an hour to several days, with an average of around 24 to 36 hours.
[edit] Geomagnetic stormsA geomagnetic storm is a temporary intense disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere.
During a geomagnetic storm the F2 layer will become unstable, fragment, and may even disappear completely.
In the Northern and Southern pole regions of the Earth aurora will be observable in the sky.
[edit] LightningLightning can cause ionospheric perturbations in the D-region in one of two ways. The first is through VLF frequency radio waves launched into the magnetosphere. These so-called "whistler" mode waves can interact with radiation belt particles and cause them to precipitate onto the ionosphere, adding ionization to the D-region. These disturbances are called Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation (LEP) events.
Additional ionization can also occur from direct heating/ionization as a result of huge motions of charge in lightning strikes. These events are called Early/Fast.
In 1925, C. F. Wilson proposed a mechanism by which electrical discharge from lightning storms could propagate upwards from clouds to the ionosphere. Around the same time, Robert Watson-Watt, working at the Radio Research Station in Slough, UK, suggested that the ionospheric sporadic E layer (Es) appeared to be enhanced as a result of lightning but that more work was needed. In 2005, C. Davis and C. Johnson, working at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire, UK, demonstrated that the Es layer was indeed enhanced as a result of lightning activity. Their subsequent research has focussed on the mechanism by which this process can occur.
A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a disturbance in space weather. Associated with solar flares and resultant solar coronal mass ejections (CME), a geomagnetic storm is caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field which typically strikes the Earth's magnetic field 3 days after the event. The solar wind pressure on the magnetosphere and the solar wind magnetic field will increase or decrease depending on the Sun's activity. The solar wind pressure changes modify the electric currents in the ionosphere, and the solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth's magnetic field causing the entire structure to evolve. Magnetic storms usually last 24 to 48 hours, but some may last for many days. In 1989, an electromagnetic storm disrupted power throughout most of Quebec and caused aurorae as far south as Texas.
The initial velocity of the ions is provided by the reaction that produced them. The ions are carried by the solar magnetic field at 10 to 100 km per s. The tail is thus straight on account of the speed of the ions, and forms an angle of a few degrees with direction of the Sun, in the direction opposed to the motion.
The streams of dust and gas each form their own distinct tail, pointing in slightly different directions. The tail of dust is left behind in the comet's orbit in such a manner that it often forms a curved tail called the antitail. At the same time, the ion tail, made of gases, always points directly away from the Sun, as this gas is more strongly affected by the solar wind than is dust, following magnetic field lines rather than an orbital trajectory. Parallax viewing from the Earth may sometimes mean the tails appear to point in opposite directions.
In fact, Paul, this is a drawing by Barnard, not a photograph. No such
extreme wide-angle cameras existed in 1910. In the original source (AJ
or the Yerkes publications?) it is listed as a drawing. As I recall,
there is a series of these drawings documenting the tail's evolution
during the latter half of April.
Further regarding the tail, it attained a reported maximum length of
some 100-120 degrees in 1910 according to several observers, including
Barnard. The tail being curved, for a very brief time the comet's head
and the initial part of the tail were situated in the evening sky,
while much of its extent and the terminus stretched far out into the
morning heavens! It should also be noted that the writings of Barnard
dating from around the time of the comet's encounter with Earth in 1910
make for some very interesting reading. In part they address observed
phenomenon that modern astronomers would rather sweep under the table!
Their like also seem to have occurred in regard to Tebbutt's comet of
1861 as its tail swept over Earth.
Another point worthy of mention and largely unknown to modern
observers, is that in the hours just prior to transiting the solar disk
in 1910, P/Halley was visible in broad daylight in
Australia...inferring a magnitude of at least -6 for the comet's head!
Originally posted by OmegaLogos
reply to post by Phage
Explanation: This thread focuses on the issue of the comets IONIZED GAS tail and not on the dust tail.
Otherwise I would have posted about panspermia and micro meteorite showers.
I have no knowledge of earth passing through Halley's Comets ionized gas tail and I would appreciate if you could bring that evidence to validly compare with or kindly retract your posts invalid assertions.
Personal Disclosure: I am of course promoting ATS in general with this thread and aside from stars and flags I'm making no profit on this prophesy. Can you show otherwise?
Originally posted by Phage
In 1910 the Earth passed through the tail of Halley's comet (much more impressive than Elenin, poor little thing). Guess what? Nothing happened, even though the hucksters made a few bucks on selling gas masks and anti-comet pills.
www.unmuseum.org...
What're you selling?
edit on 4/17/2011 by Phage because: (no reason given)
This close proximity to our sun on Sept. 11, 2011 is expected to generate massive solar flares as a result of such a massive object passing so close to the Sun. The massive solar flares while logically expected, can not be prepared for exactly, because we know not when or how large they will be or what part of the earth will be exposed to such massive solar flares if and when they do occur.