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Electron-beam studies of extraterrestrial materials with significantly improved spatial resolution, energy resolution and sensitivity are enabled using a 300 keV SuperSTEM scanning transmission electron microscope with a monochromator and two spherical aberration correctors. The improved technical capabilities enable analyses previously not possible. Mineral structures can be directly imaged and analyzed with single-atomic-column resolution, liquids and implanted gases can be detected, and UV-VIS optical properties can be measured. Detection limits for minor/trace elements in thin (
races of tritiated water (HTO) were detected at [the]World Trade Center (WTC) ground zero after the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. A method of ultralow-background liquid scintillation counting was used after distilling HTO from the samples. A water sample from the WTC sewer, collected on 9/13/01, contained 0.174 plus or minus 0.074 (2s) nCi/L of HTO. A split water sample, collected on 9/21/01 from the basement of WTC Building 6, contained 3.53 plus or minus 0.17 and 2.83 plus or minus 0.15 nCi/L, respectively. Several water and vegetation samples were analyzed from areas outside the ground zero, located in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and Kensico Reservoir. No HTO above the background was found in those samples. All these results are well below the levels of concern to human exposure.
A few years after the Apollo flights to the Moon, it became clear that all of the existing theories on the origin of the Moon would not satisfy the growing body of constraints which appeared with the data gathered by the Apollo flights. About the same time, researchers began to realize that the inner (terrestrial) planets were not born quietly -- all had evidences of impacts on their surfaces. This fact reinforced the idea that the planets had formed by the accumulation of planetesimals. Since the Earth`s moon is unique among the terrestrial planets, a few researchers realized that perhaps the Moon originated in a singular event; an event that was quite probable, but not so probable that one would expect all the terrestrial planets to have a large moon. And thus was born the idea that a giant impact formed the Moon. Impacts would be common in the early solar system; perhaps a really large impact of two almost fully formed planets of disparate sizes would lead to material orbiting the proto-earth, a proto-moon. This idea remained to be tested. Using a relatively new, but robust, method of doing the hydrodynamics of the collision (Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics), the author and his colleagues (W. Benz, Univ. of Arizona, and A.G.W. Cameron, Harvard College Obs.) did a large number of collision simulations on a supercomputer. The author found two major scenarios which would result in the formation of the Moon. The first was direct formation; a moon-sized object is boosted into orbit by gravitational torques. The second is when the orbiting material forms a disk, which, with subsequent evolution can form the Moon. In either case the physical and chemical properties of the newly formed Moon would very neatly satisfy the physical and chemical constraints of the current Moon. Also, in both scenarios the surface of the Earth would be quite hot after the collision. This aspect remains to be explored.
The thesis is developed that our evolutionary future, like our past, is tied to our penchant for exploration and migration. The main stages of human exploration and migration are examined, with the evolutionary implications of each, starting from the time our distant ancestors first stood upright and continuing into the coming era of space expansion.
Originally posted by Colton
From Africa to the stars
The thesis is developed that our evolutionary future, like our past, is tied to our penchant for exploration and migration. The main stages of human exploration and migration are examined, with the evolutionary implications of each, starting from the time our distant ancestors first stood upright and continuing into the coming era of space expansion.
This article stunned me!
What I found especially interesting was the end.
It suggest Mankind should genetically manipulate our Evolutionary Path in order to Expand throughout the solar system(or as far allowed by extraterrestrial life, yes it says that.).
Simply stunning....
Ancient Blacksmiths, The Iron Age, Damascus Steels, and Modern Metallurgy. USDOE Office of Defense Programs (DP) (US)
The history of iron and Damascus steels is described through the eyes of ancient blacksmiths. For example, evidence is presented that questions why the Iron Age could not have begun at about the same time as the early Bronze Age (i.e. approximately 7000 B.C.). It is also clear that ancient blacksmiths had enough information from their forging work, together with their observation of color changes during heating and their estimate of hardness by scratch tests, to have determined some key parts of the present-day iron-carbon phase diagram. The blacksmiths' greatest artistic accomplishments were the Damascus and Japanese steel swords. The Damascus sword was famous not only for its exceptional cutting edge and toughness, but also for its beautiful surface markings. Damascus steels are ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCSs) that contain from 1.0 to 2.1%. carbon. The modern metallurgical understanding of UHCSs has revealed that remarkable properties can be obtained in these hypereutectoid steels. The results achieved in UHCSs are attributed to the ability to place the carbon, in excess of the eutectoid composition, to do useful work that enhances the high temperature processing of carbon steels and that improves the low and intermediate temperature mechanical properties.
The influence of clouds and diffuse radiation on ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 and CO18O exhanges
identifier # LBNL-2155E
www.osti.gov...
In effect, this assessment of the material composition of the lead specimens from the assassination concludes that the extant evidence is consistent with any number between two and five rounds fired in Dealey Plaza during the shooting.
found it here
DOI 10.2172/900118
Title Proper Assessment of the JFK Assassination Bullet Lead Evidence from Metallurgical and Statistical Perspectives
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GRAIN REFINEMENT OF PERMANENT MOLD CAST COPPER BASE ALLOYSGrain Refinement of Permanent Mold Cast Copper Base AlloysDevelopment of superplastic steel processing. Final reportNational Metal Casting Research Institute final report. Volume 2, Die casting researchZone refining of plutonium metal
Creator/Author Randich, E ; Grant, P M
Publication Date 2006 Aug 29
OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 900118
Report Number(s) UCRL-TR-224202
DOE Contract Number W-7405-ENG-48
DOI 10.2172/900118
Other Number(s) TRN: US200709%%537
Resource Type Technical Report
Research Org Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA
Sponsoring Org USDOE
Subject 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEFENSE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; ALLOYS; AMMUNITION; ANTIMONY; CASTING; COPPER; GRAIN BOUNDARIES; PROCESSING; REFINING; SAMPLING
Description/Abstract ect...
www.osti.gov...
and a direct link for each copy/paste from the site.
ex tags
Originally posted by Colton
reply to post by bigern
Nice find; extraterrestrial life!
I just dowlnloaded this article about Dyson Spheres.
A Dyson Sphere is a hypothetical construct of a star purposely cloaked by a thick swarm of broken-up planetary material to better utilize all of the stellar energy. A clean Dyson Sphere identification would give a significant signature for intelligence at work. A search for Dyson Spheres has been carried out using the 250,000 source database of the IRAS infrared satellite which covered 96% of the sky. The search has used the Calgary data collection of the IRAS Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS) to look for fits to blackbody spectra. Searches have been conducted for both pure (fully cloaked) and partial Dyson Spheres in the blackbody temperature region 100 [le] T [le] 600 K. Other stellar signatures that resemble a Dyson Sphere are reviewed. When these signatures are used to eliminate sources that mimic Dyson Spheres very few candidates remain and even these are ambiguous. Upper limits are presented for both pure and partial Dyson Spheres. The sensitivity of the LRS was enough to find solar-sized Dyson Spheres out to 300 pc, a reach that encompasses a million solar-type stars.
Weird that they would search for artificial constructions when extraterrestrial life hasn't even been acknowledged.
Do they know something we don't?
Nibiru?