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For more than forty years, Dr. T. Colin Campbell has been at the forefront of nutrition research. His legacy, the China Project, is the most comprehensive study of health and nutrition ever conducted. Dr. Campbell is the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University. He has more than seventy grant-years of peer-reviewed research funding and authored more than 300 research papers and coauthor of the bestselling the book, The China Study: Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long-term Health. (1)
The China-Oxford-Cornell Study on Dietary, Lifestyle and Disease Mortality Characteristics in 65 Rural Chinese Counties was a study comparing the diets, lifestyle and disease characteristics of populations of 65 rural counties in China in the 1970s and 1980s. The study only compared the prevalence of disease characteristics. It did not evaluate all causes of death, such as accidents. Professor T. Colin Campbell of Cornell, led the first two major studies in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1991, The New York Times called the China-Oxford-Cornell study 'the Grand Prix of epidemiology'. Campbell's summary of the results of this and other studies appeared in his 2005 book The China Study. (3)(4)
[The study also included]
...the survey of death rates for twelve different kinds of cancer for more than 2,400 counties and 880 million (96%) of their citizens. (3)(4)
diets high in animal protein (including casein in cow's milk) are strongly linked to diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and Type 2 diabetes.
that people eat a whole food, plant-based diet and avoid consuming beef, poultry, eggs, fish, and milk as a means to minimize and/or reverse the development of chronic diseases.
But when we actually track down the direct correlation between animal protein and cancer, there is no statistically significant positive trend. None. Looking directly at animal protein intake, we have the following correlations with cancers:
Lymphoma: -18
Penis cancer: -16
Rectal cancer: -12
Bladder cancer: -9
Colorectal cancer: -8
Leukemia: -5
Nasopharyngeal: -4
Cervix cancer: -4
Colon cancer: -3
Liver cancer: -3
Oesophageal cancer: +2
Brain cancer: +5
Breast cancer: +12
But what about plant protein? Since plant protein correlates negatively with plasma cholesterol, does that mean plant protein correlates with lower cancer risk? Let’s take a look at the cancer correlations with “plant protein intake”:
Nasopharyngeal cancer: -40**
Brain cancer: -15
Liver cancer: -14
Penis cancer: -4
Lymphoma: -4
Bladder cancer: -3
Breast cancer: +1
Stomach cancer: +10
Rectal cancer: +12
Cervix cancer: +12
Colon cancer: +13
Leukemia: +15
Oesophageal cancer +18
Colorectal cancer: +19
(5)
Perhaps more troubling than the distorted facts in “The China Study” are the details Campbell leaves out.
Why does Campbell indict animal foods in cardiovascular disease (correlation of +1 for animal protein and -11 for fish protein), yet fail to mention that wheat flour has a correlation of +67 with heart attacks and coronary heart disease, and plant protein correlates at +25 with these conditions?
Speaking of wheat, why doesn’t Campbell also note the astronomical correlations wheat flour has with various diseases: +46 with cervix cancer, +54 with hypertensive heart disease, +47 with stroke, +41 with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and the aforementioned +67 with myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease? (None of these correlations appear to be tangled with any risk-heightening variables, either.)
Hall and Masterjohn Critiques
Other critics, such as Harriet Hall of Science-Based Medicine[43] and Chris Masterjohn of The Weston A Price Foundation, comment that the authors' citations do not always back up the claims being made (stating for example, that the claim that 'heart disease can be prevented and/or cured by a healthy diet' is backed by two studies that do not involve prevention at all, and which both significantly include factors other than diet), and they also assert that relatively limited correlations shown in the data are extrapolated unreasonably by the authors, stating for example that associations between casein and specific cancers are extrapolated to imply associations between all animal proteins and all cancers. In addition, they state that the authors fail to mention studies, which they assert contradict the authors' conclusions, stating for example that the Maasai and Inuit have experienced low rates of heart disease and cancer even though their native diets include very large amounts of animal protein.
Advocacy, Not Science
Multiple critics have asserted that The China Study is advocacy, not science, and that Campbell & son minimize or hide evidence that conflicts with their agenda. One such critic, physician and author Michael Eades wrote, "The China Study is a masterpiece of obfuscation. It is obfuscatory in so many ways it could truly qualify as a work of obfuscatory genius. It would be difficult for a mere mortal to pen so much confusion, ambiguity, distortion and misunderstanding in what is basically a book-length argument for a personal opinion masquerading as hard science." [38]
In Eades' view, the advocacy implicit in The China Study is further underscored when Campbell writes, "As time passed, we were to learn something quite remarkable. Almost every time we searched for a way, or mechanism, by which protein works to produce its effects [on cancer formation and progression], we found one!"[39] Eades comments, "That, my friends, is almost the dictionary definition of confirmation bias summed up in one sentence."
Correlation is Not Causation
In addition, critics have noted that as large as the China dataset is, it is merely an observational study and does not prove causation any more than it can be proven that a rooster's crow causes sunrises. Though Campbell acknowledges this,[40] Eades asserts that Campbell attempts to have it both ways:
"On page 107 of The China Study, Dr. Campbell writes: 'At the end of the day, the strength and consistency of the majority of the evidence is enough to draw valid conclusions. Namely, whole plant-based foods are beneficial, and animal-based foods are not.' Then one inch below (literally) he writes the following: 'The China Study was an important milestone in my thinking. Standing alone, it does not prove that diet causes disease.' So, the China study produces valid conclusions as to causality, i.e., 'whole plant-based foods are beneficial, and animal-based foods are not.' Yet the China study 'does not prove that diet causes disease.' Say what?"
Through the Landsward Institute (formerly the Ecological Monitoring & Assessment Program), Northern Arizona University and land stewards of the Colorado Plateau … an innovative partnership between Babbitt Ranches and Northern Arizona University. The partnership united the resources of a research and educational institution with an intimate knowledge of the land brought by a multi-generational ranching family. The EMA Program has worked to create a new model for sustainable, use-inspired land stewardship on the Colorado Plateau.
This case study explores the feasibility of a new business venture by a fourth-generation family business, Babbitt Ranches. As the business leader of a vast ranching empire in northern Arizona, Mr. William Cordasco, President of Babbitt Ranches, has developed a business plan to produce, process, distribute and sell beef and related beef products.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a disease of the nervous system in deer and elk that results in distinctive brain lesions. It continues to be a major issue for wildlife scientists throughout the Nation, and a key focus for research at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC).
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting elk and deer (cervids) as well as moose, in North America.
This degenerative neurological illness has affected both farmed and wild cervids in the US, thus impacting the hunting and wildlife industries as well as domestic and international markets for farmed cervids and cervid products.
CWD and related diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob in humans are caused by a misshapen protein, or prion.
Among deer, the CWD-causing prion is transmitted by animal-to-animal contact and from the environment to the animal.
CWD is untreatable, damaging the brain of infected deer, elk and moose and typically causing progressive loss of body condition. The disease is always fatal to these animals, and no state or province with documented cases of CWD has been able to eradicate it.
The prions that cause CWD can last a long time in the environment. If the head and spinal column of an infected animal is disposed of in areas where Oregon’s deer and elk could encounter the prions, they could contract the disease.
No evidence has been found to suggest CWD can be transmitted to people, but hunters should take precautions when hunting and dressing game. Hunters should avoid harvesting any animal that appears sick or has unusual behavior. Disposable gloves should be worn when dressing game and meat should be cooked to 165 degrees.
The organs of rats who ate genetically modified potatoes showed signs of chronic wasting, and female rates fed a diet of herbicide-resistant soybeans gave birth to stunted and sterile pups.
My health and nutrition journey started at age 7, when I first went vegetarian, and then resurged at the age of 11 when an undiagnosed wheat allergy left me barely eating, sleeping, or participating in life. After a year of visiting dozens of mainstream doctors in a quest to figure out what was wrong with me, a naturopathic doctor in Seattle took one look at my gaunt frame and chronic congestion and said, “food allergy.”
That’s when I learned, first-hand, how profoundly diet can affect our ability to live and enjoy life.
But cooked-vegetarian-sans-wheat wasn’t enough to keep me feeling vibrant, I learned. After a series of self-tested diet experiments, I jumped into the raw food world at age 16. Seven years later, I can say quite proudly that I’ve made every mistake a raw foodist can possibly make—and then some. I’ve been vegan and vegetarian and omnivorous; I’ve been high fat and low fat and medium fat; I’ve been supplemented and superfood-ed and snake-oiled.
I’m not a doctor or nutritionist (not yet, anyway—plans of a graduate nutrition degree loom in the future ). I started college when I was 16, switching majors about ten times but ultimately deciding on English. Everything I know about nutrition has come from eight years of avid research and self-education: I devour medical journals, I analyze studies, I crunch numbers, I guinea-pig myself, and I try—whenever possible—to slice through the bias and misinformation littering the nutritional community.
I currently live in Portland, Oregon and work as a freelance writer, teacher, and web designer.
Originally posted by DevolutionEvolvd
reply to post by soficrow
Wow, you're really grasping at straws here.
Through the Landsward Institute (formerly the Ecological Monitoring & Assessment Program), Northern Arizona University and land stewards of the Colorado Plateau … an innovative partnership between Babbitt Ranches and Northern Arizona University. The partnership united the resources of a research and educational institution with an intimate knowledge of the land brought by a multi-generational ranching family. The EMA Program has worked to create a new model for sustainable, use-inspired land stewardship on the Colorado Plateau.
This case study explores the feasibility of a new business venture by a fourth-generation family business, Babbitt Ranches. As the business leader of a vast ranching empire in northern Arizona, Mr. William Cordasco, President of Babbitt Ranches, has developed a business plan to produce, process, distribute and sell beef and related beef products.
I like your points on Prions...but this is nothing more than a failed attempt to fabricate affiliations.
Originally posted by DeniseM
...I worked for Merriam-Powell three years ago, ...when I was a destitute college student at NAU desperate for moolah. ...
...I just needed the money.
...Americans are relying on medical information that, like nutrition information, also is terribly misguided. The reasons in both cases primarily involve the aggressive influence of private industry and special interest groups in the training of those medical practitioners who are then licensed to offer advice about health and healing to an unsuspecting public.
Originally posted by DevolutionEvolvd
Upon examining the seemingly immeasurable data, Campbell concluded:
diets high in animal protein (including casein in cow's milk) are strongly linked to diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and Type 2 diabetes.
[edit on 5-9-2010 by DevolutionEvolvd]
Originally posted by DevolutionEvolvd
Many other researchers have demonstrated that restricting calories on a broader scale, say through intermittent fasting, is just as effective and MUCH healthier.
Originally posted by DeniseM
Sorry to barge in, but I kept getting page hits from this site so I came to see what was up.
Originally posted by Uphill
Many people have reported problems with digestion of wheat products, myself among them! DevolutionEvolvd, I encourage you to try (under clinical supervision, if you wish) non-hybridized ancient grains such as kamut and spelt...that made all the difference for me. Food sources such as modern wheat (and modern pinto beans for that matter) have been hybridized many times, generally to increase yield. The recent history of wheat, however, is that food intolerances (such as mine with wheat, and perhaps yours as well) become a much more common problem with hybridized wheat than with ancient wheat strains.
Originally posted by Uphill
diets that feature large amounts of any kind of fat show a high correlation with degenerative diseases over time
Originally posted by Uphill
reply to post by soficrow
I have a master's degree in public health. While diet trends come and go, diets that feature large amounts of any kind of fat (such as Atkins) show a high correlation with degenerative diseases over time.
DevolutionEvolvd, I encourage you to try (under clinical supervision, if you wish) non-hybridized ancient grains such as kamut and spelt...that made all the difference for me.
Food sources such as modern wheat (and modern pinto beans for that matter) have been hybridized many times, generally to increase yield. The recent history of wheat, however, is that food intolerances (such as mine with wheat, and perhaps yours as well) become a much more common problem with hybridized wheat than with ancient wheat strains.