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Another way is to prepare a potassium iodide solution, and then bubble chlorine gas into the solution. The chlorine gas will oxidize the iodide ions into iodine.
Another way is to mix one part sulfuric acid to one part potassium iodide.
Another way is to mix hydrogen peroxide with hydrochloric acid and potassium iodide.
The hydrogen peroxide in the above can be replaced with sodium hypochlorite, hypochloric acid, or some other oxidizers.
wiki.answers.com...
The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the nitrogen fixation reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, over an enriched iron or ruthenium catalyst, to produce ammonia.[1][2][3][4] The Haber process is important because ammonia is difficult to produce on an industrial scale, and the fertilizer generated from the ammonia is responsible for sustaining one-third of the Earth's population.[5] Despite the fact that 78.1% of the air we breathe is nitrogen, the gas is relatively unreactive because nitrogen molecules are held together by strong triple bonds. It was not until the early 20th century that this method was developed to harness the atmospheric abundance of nitrogen to create ammonia, which can then be oxidized to make the nitrates and nitrites essential for the production of nitrate fertilizer and explosives.
en.wikipedia.org...
Synthetic fertilizers are commonly used to treat fields used for growing maize, followed by barley, sorghum, rapeseed, soy and sunflower[citation needed]. One study has shown that application of nitrogen fertilizer on off-season cover crops can increase the biomass (and subsequent green manure value) of these crops, while having a beneficial effect on soil nitrogen levels for the main crop planted during the summer season. en.wikipedia.org...
In China, an estimated half million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, 500 of whom die.[69] en.wikipedia.org...
Limonene and Linalool (Citrus Peel Extracts) - Contain insecticidal compounds that kill many insect pests, e.g., fire ants, and fleas, but may be of low toxicity to mammals. There is some controversy as to their safety and should, therefore, only be used with discretion and proper notification. The two most effective insecticidal compounds are d-limonene, a terpene that constitutes about 90% of crude citrus oil, and linalool, a terpene alcohol. Terpenes are hydrocarbons found in essential oils. They are used as solvents, fragrances and flavors in cosmetics and beverages. Linalool can also be extracted from pine wood. Citrus oils have a fresh floral odor and an oil consistency. Limonene and linalool are contact poisons that heighten sensory nerve activity in insects, causing massive over-stimulation of motor nerves that leads to convulsion and paralysis. www.getipm.com...
Organic coffee may be a natural, bean-based, pesticide-free beverage. But did you know that all coffee is filled with chemicals?
Scientists have identified 1,000 different chemicals in a cup of coffee. But how many of the 1,000 chemicals have been tested in animal cancer studies? Only 22--leaving 978 compounds in your morning java about which we know very little. And of those 22 that were tested, were any found to be carcinogens, or cancer-causing compounds? Seventeen of the 22 are, in fact, carcinogens.
findarticles.com...
Originally posted by IgnoranceIsntBlisss
As an avid gardener, I find much of the obsessionism about organic produce to be hysterical and deluded.
I will say that there are some nasty synthetic pesticides out there, but the same could be said about some that nature produces.
The lunacy I dont understand is all of the screaming about 'synthetic' fertilizer. This is the area in particular that blows my mind.
For instance, Potassium Nitrate is a commonly used 'synthetic' fertilizer. The funy thing is, you can literally take cow/horse/bat/human/etc manure, do a simple extraction process using wood ashes, and you literally end up with potassium nitrate crystals that can be used for making fireworks or whatever. Think about that.
Another key type of fertilizer is Ammonium Nitrate. Oh no, not AMMONIA!? Try this: go pick up a truckload of 'uncooked' horse manure. When he scoops up the load from the huge hot steaming pile, take a whiff of that steam. I dare you! How does it feel inhaling all of that ammonia vapor? Another experiment: wear a thick pair of socks, in clean shoes with clean feet, and go work outside all day in the hot sun carrying things and etc without getting dirt in your shoes. Now take a whiff: AMMONIA. Our bodies excrete the stuff, yet we're all sopposed to lose our minds over it being in the CHEMICAL fertilizer?
So what if some scientists figured out efficient ways to mass produce the stuff enabling widespread agriculture and therefore the food you've eaten your entire life? People talk like its some chemical neurotoxins cooked up in some pharmacuetical dungeon.
I utilize manure etc composts, and I buy organic fertilizers such as bone meal, and especially the bags that have all the micronutrients, but if had some CHEMICAL potassium nitrate I wouldn't be afraid to use it. The fact is enough organics are produced to support the everyday gardener, but NOT the mass scale global agriculture that feeds the world.
The same can be said of organic pesticides. Dont believe me, then why does organic produce cost so much? Try stopping by a health food store and prepare to drop dead at their prices on literally everything in the store. Either the stuff costs more to produce, or they know that enough suckers out there have bought into the hysteria and are willing to blow their hard earned cash.
And then you don't even know what you're getting. Someone close has a Florida agricultural license, and the guy who comes out to inspect his citrus trees also inspects farms / groves / markets of all sizes all over the state. According to him, most 'organic' produce is a joke. You simply don't know what youre getting, and the state(s) don't enforce this little sector of the industry in any way comparable to how they would in ensuring the state has healthy citrus trees.
The real point here is don't get ripped off. I encourage everyone to go out and grow a nice garden, and even strive to do it organically the best you can, as I do. But don't drive yourself mad obsessing all day about not having all organic produce every time you eat. After all, the only produce you can acertain is even organic is that which you grew yourself, and odds are it will be cheaper than the evil SYNTHETIC produce you'd buy at the local market.
[edit on 21-4-2010 by IgnoranceIsntBlisss]
[edit on 21-4-2010 by IgnoranceIsntBlisss]
Originally posted by IandEye
"organic" means you feed the microorganisms in the soil.
"conventional" means you feed the plants with already broken down nutrients.
basically, forget about the plant. if you use organic fertilizers the soil maintains itself ad becomes even healthier.
the laws are something else. organic foods can still be radiated, have nanotechnology, and have a certain amount of pesticides.
it's become a marketing technique, i think.
neem oil - even better Azatrol or Azamax- is a great systemic, organic pesticide made from the neem tree. can be used up to the day of harvest.
and it doesn't kill BENEFICIAL (predatory) insects. i love this stuff, though expensive. oh yeah- it's organic....it has to cost twice as much!!
Originally posted by IgnoranceIsntBlisss
Originally posted by IandEye
"organic" means you feed the microorganisms in the soil.
"conventional" means you feed the plants with already broken down nutrients.
basically, forget about the plant. if you use organic fertilizers the soil maintains itself ad becomes even healthier.
Ok, fine, but can you explain where we'll get all of that compost and etc, enough to replace all of the chemical fertilizers that feed the world? Even if it could be done, how would the costs affect the economies?
the laws are something else. organic foods can still be radiated, have nanotechnology, and have a certain amount of pesticides.
it's become a marketing technique, i think.
neem oil - even better Azatrol or Azamax- is a great systemic, organic pesticide made from the neem tree. can be used up to the day of harvest.
and it doesn't kill BENEFICIAL (predatory) insects. i love this stuff, though expensive. oh yeah- it's organic....it has to cost twice as much!!