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The overwhelming majority of cage-raised fur bearing animals are minks. Foxes, sables, chinchillas, rabbits, raccoon dogs (also called finn-raccoons and tanukis), and fitches (ferrets) also are raised in cages. A small number of lynx, bobcats, nutrias, and martens are cage raised; these animals are more commonly trapped. Most caged fur-bearing animals are “harvested” during their first winter. Fur from cage-raised animals is also used as lining and trim. An astounding 90 percent of all cage-raised foxes become fur trim.
The terms fur farm and fur ranch are euphemisms invented by the fur industry for what really is the intensive confinement system of caged-fur facilities. At a typical facility, open-sided sheds contain several rows of small wire-mesh cages. The floors also are wire so that feces can fall to the ground. Cages are adjacent to each other, and the animals are in plain view of one another. This is stressful for minks, who are naturally solitary, and for foxes, who have complex social hierarchies. Cages leave the animals little room for moving around: mink cages are about two-and-a-half feet long, a foot wide, and a foot high; fox cages are about a foot wider and six inches higher.
(Some facilities use uncovered, free-standing cages for foxes that expose the animals to wind, rain, and sun.) Water is provided by an automated system, and food (a mixture of ground-up animal remains, including minks) is placed on top of the cage to fall through the wire mesh. Except for a nest box, the cages are empty. Foxes are provided with a nest box for only two to three months. Breeding animals can live in this cramped environment for six to eight years.
Intensive confinement makes natural activities like swimming, climbing, digging, and traveling long distances impossible. Cage-raised minks commonly suffer obsessive- compulsive stereotypic behaviors: pacing, self-mutilation, and cannibalism are induced by chronic stress, boredom, frustration, deprivation, and an inability to adapt to surroundings. Repetitive behaviors include head bobbing, head twirling, swaying, and biting the wire-mesh caging, in addition to pacing. Pelt biting and tail biting are also common behaviors prompted by confinement. Foxes are particularly unsuited for cage raising: they are extremely fearful of humans and generally anxious in the typical caging environment. They tremble, defecate, and withdraw to the back of their cages. An estimated 10 to 20 percent of female foxes, or vixen, kill their offspring. Many vixen fail to reproduce at all.
Caged fur-bearing animals are commonly inbred for specific colors (sapphire, gun metal, and pastel, for example). Inbreeding can lead to deafness, crippling, deformed sex organs, screw necks, anemia, sterility, and disturbances of the nervous system. Inbreeding for dark and black minks has been so intensive that these animals are prone to excessive bleeding and are highly susceptible to infectious diseases. Artificial manipulation (the use of hormones, altering the amount of daylight) to accelerate breeding and reduce the length of pregnancy is routine in caged-fur facilities.
Caged fur-bearing animals are killed by inhumane methods such as gassing, neck breaking, anal electrocution, and injection with poisons. The U.S. fur industry recommends killing minks with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide gas. Carbon monoxide gas (CO) is commonly channeled from the exhaust of a truck or tractor engine and piped into an enclosed box containing the minks. The hot unfiltered gas burns the eyes and lungs of the animals, causing a painful death. Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) also causes minks to die in misery. As diving animals accustomed to holding their breath, minks have an increased tolerance for high CO2 levels, so their painful deaths are protracted. Some fur producers prefer to kill small fur-bearing animals by twisting the animal’s neck until it breaks (cervical dislocation), on the theory that gassing discolors the pelt.
A common method of killing foxes is anal electrocution. One electrode is inserted into the anus while the animal bites down on a second electrode; a lethal dose of electricity is then passed through the body. Again, this technique is employed to avoid damaging the pelt. Other fur producers inject minks and foxes with cheap chemicals and common pesticides, often diluted with rubbing alcohol to save money.
Because many animals are housed in a small area, caged-fur facilities contribute to environmental contamination. As animal waste falls to the ground through the cage floors, it is washed by the rain into nearby streams and lakes. The excessive nutrients contained in the animal waste can also soak into the soil and contaminate groundwater. Unnaturally high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen cause increased algae growth and can kill trees. While waste runoff from intensive confinement of chickens and pigs has been identified as an environmental problem, the environmental effects of fur facilities in the United States have not been adequately researched. Officials in Finland, where 50 percent of the world’s foxes and 10 percent of the world’s minks are produced, have recognized the problem since the early 1980s.