1987 New Science and Invention Encyclopedia Truth or Hoax?

I became aware of the following several years ago and although I brought it up years ago i didn't post it as a thread, and I am not sure it has been posted before.

The 1987 New Science and Invention Encyclopedia has an interesting image in the section for "Space Probes".

In that image you can find the drawing of what is called a tenth planet, which is situated in the drawing at about 4.7 Billion miles away, and it also shows a Dark Star situated at around 50 Billion miles away.

Here is a scan of the page, and the drawing.

[atsimg]http://files.abovetopsecret.com/images/member/0094d75a6770.jpg[/atsimg]

I know there are many members who at the mention of this topic immediately react emotionally and dismiss the subject entirely even when there is scientific evidence that point to the real possibility of the Solar System being a binary system with two stars, one being the Sun, but the second star became for some reason a dark star.

There are many scientific papers which deal with the possibility of such Dark Companion existing, such as the following.

Does a Companion Star to Sun cause Earth's Periodic Mass Extinctions?



THE THEORIZED COMPANION STAR, THROUGH ITS GRAVITATIONAL PULL, UNLEASHES A FURIOUS STORM OF COMETS IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM LASTING FROM 100,000 TO TWO MILLION YEARS. SEVERAL OF THESE COMETS STRIKE THE EARTH.

"Heavy snows are driven and fall from the world's four corners; the murder frost prevails. The Sun is darkened at noon; it sheds no gladness; devouring tempests bellow and never end. In vain do men await the coming of summer. Thrice winter follows winter over a world which is snow-smitten, frost-fettered, and chained in ice."

"Fimbul Winter" from Norse saga, Twilight of the Gods

By Lynn Yarris

Our species, Homo sapiens, arose approximately 250,000 years ago. In the beginning, we used tools of stone and sought shelter in caves. Today, our shelters scrape clouds and our tools allow us to see galaxies far beyond our own, or peer deep into the heart of matter itself. So much progress in such a short time, for in geological terms, the reign of our species has been but the proverbial blink of an eye. Imagine, however, what our record of achievement would be had our history been disrupted no less than five times by titanic nuclear wars, each delivering a destructive blast 10,000 times more powerful than the combined yield of all existing nuclear weapons in our world today.

Such upheaval is what many other species, including the dinosaurs, may have faced during the history of our planet, according to a theory set forth by a Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) scientist and his colleagues. The theory postulates that every 26 to 30 million years, life on Earth is severely jeopardized by the arrival of a small companion star to the sun. Dubbed "Nemesis" (after the Greek goddess of retribution), the companion star�through its gravitational pull�unleashes a furious storm of comets into the inner solar system that lasts anywhere from 100,000 years to two million years. Of the billions of comets sent swarming toward the sun, several strike the Earth, triggering a nightmarish sequence of ecological catastrophes.

"We expect that in a typical comet storm, there would be perhaps 10 impacts spread out over two million years, with intervals averaging 50,000 years between impacts," says LBL astrophysicist Richard Muller. In 1984, Muller, along with UC Berkeley astronomer Marc Davis and Piet Hut, an astronomer with the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, announced the Nemesis theory in Nature magazine. As could be expected, it was and remains controversial. However, although the evidence for the existence of Nemesis is still circumstantial, this evidence continues to mount, and the theory has so far withstood all challenges.

Nemesis was the culmination of a chain of events that began in 1977, in Gubbio, Italy, a tiny village halfway between Rome and Florence. Walter Alvarez, a UC Berkeley geologist, was collecting samples of the limestone rock there for a study on paleomagnetism. The limestone rock outside of Gubbio is a big attraction for geologists and paleontologists because it provides a complete geological record of the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period. This transition took place 65 million years ago, and is of special significance to our species, for it marked the close of the "Age of Reptiles," when dinosaurs ruled the Earth. Sometimes referred to as "the Great Dying," the massive extinction that engulfed the dinosaurs claimed nearly 75 percent of all the species of life on our planet, including most types of plants and many types of microscopic organisms. As much as 95 percent of all living creatures might have perished at the peak of destruction.

www.lbl.gov...

Evidence Mounts For Companion Star To Our Sun
by Staff Writers
Newport Beach CA (SPX) Apr 25, 2006
The Binary Research Institute (BRI) has found that orbital characteristics of the recently discovered planetoid, Sedna, demonstrate the possibility that our sun might be part of a binary star system. A binary star system consists of two stars gravitationally bound orbiting a common center of mass.

Once thought to be highly unusual, such systems are now considered to be common in the Milky Way galaxy.

Walter Cruttenden at BRI, Professor Richard Muller at UC Berkeley, Dr. Daniel Whitmire of the University of Louisiana, amongst several others, have long speculated on the possibility that our sun might have an as yet undiscovered companion. Most of the evidence has been statistical rather than physical.

The recent discovery of Sedna, a small planet like object first detected by Cal Tech astronomer Dr. Michael Brown, provides what could be indirect physical evidence of a solar companion. Matching the recent findings by Dr. Brown, showing that Sedna moves in a highly unusual elliptical orbit, Cruttenden has determined that Sedna moves in resonance with previously published orbital data for a hypothetical companion star.

In the May 2006 issue of Discover, Dr. Brown stated: "Sedna shouldnt be there. Theres no way to put Sedna where it is. It never comes close enough to be affected by the sun, but it never goes far enough away from the sun to be affected by other stars... Sedna is stuck, frozen in place; there's no way to move it, basically there's no way to put it there – unless it formed there. But it's in a very elliptical orbit like that. It simply can't be there. There's no possible way - except it is. So how, then?"

"I'm thinking it was placed there in the earliest history of the solar system. I'm thinking it could have gotten there if there used to be stars a lot closer than they are now and those stars affected Sedna on the outer part of its orbit and then later on moved away. So I call Sedna a fossil record of the earliest solar system. Eventually, when other fossil records are found, Sedna will help tell us how the sun formed and the number of stars that were close to the sun when it formed."

www.spacedaily.com...

SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Title: The location of Planet X
Authors: Harrington, R. S.
Journal: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 96, Oct. 1988, p. 1476-1478.
Bibliographic Code: 1988AJ.....96.1476H

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

Arguments for the presence of a distant large undiscovered Solar system planet

Murray, J. B.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 309, Issue 1, pp. 31-34.

Aphelion distances of long-period comets show a slight excess around 30000 to 50000au from the Sun. Positions of cometary aphelia within these distance limits are aligned along a great circle inclined to both the ecliptic and the Galactic plane. This paper examines one of the possible explanations for this non-random clustering: that it is due to orbital perturbations by an undiscovered object orbiting within the above-mentioned distances. A model consistent with the observations gives a retrograde orbit (inclination 120 deg) for the object with a longitude of the ascending node at 77 deg+/-13 deg, a period of 5.8x10^6 yr and a radius of 32000au. The same model gives a present position for the undiscovered object of RA 20^h 35^m, Dec.+5 deg, with an error ellipse semimajor axis of 14 deg and a semiminor axis of 7 deg. The magnitude is likely to be fainter than 23. Such a distant object would almost certainly not remain bound for the age of the Solar system, and recent capture into the present orbit, although also of low probability, remains the least unlikely origin for this hypothetical planet.
Keywords: COMETS: GENERAL: PLANETS AND SATELLITES: GENERAL
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02806.x

adsabs.harvard.edu...



[edit on 4-2-2010 by ElectricUniverse]

There are many references, and scientific research papers which seem to corroborate the theory that the Solar System is binary, and there is a dark companions star to our sun in the Solar System.

Large 'Planet X' May Lurk Beyond Pluto
By Ker Than,LiveScience
Posted: 2008-06-19 17:56:30
Filed Under: Science News

(June 19) - An icy, unknown world might lurk in the distant reaches of our solar system beyond the orbit of Pluto, according to a new computer model.


The hidden world -- thought to be much bigger than Pluto based on the model -- could explain unusual features of the Kuiper Belt, a region of space beyond Neptune littered with icy and rocky bodies. Its existence would satisfy the long-held hopes and hypotheses for a "Planet X" envisioned by scientists and sci-fi buffs alike.

"Although the search for a distant planet in the solar system is old, it is far from over," said study team member Patryk Lykawka of Kobe University in Japan.

The model, created by Lykawka and Kobe University colleague Tadashi Mukai, is detailed in a recent issue of Astrophysical Journal.

If the new world is confirmed, it would not be technically a planet. Under a controversial new definition adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) last week, it would instead be the largest known "plutoid."

The Kuiper Belt contains many peculiar features that cant be explained by standard solar system models. One is the highly irregular orbits of some of the belts members.

The most famous is Sedna, a rocky object located three times farther from the sun than Pluto. Sedna takes 12,000 years to travel once around the Sun, and its orbit ranges from 80 to 100 astronomical units (AU). One AU is equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sun.

Possible Planet X

I have even dwelled on the different anomalies which all seem to point to the dark companion to our Sun being the cause.

www.abovetopsecret.com...

Even though many people just don't want to believe in this being possible, all the evidence seems to point to this dark companion star existing.

I do have a couple of questions though.

Does any member have a copy of the 1987 New Science and Invention Encyclopedia?

If you are interested, and read the evidence presented here, what do you think, does this companion star exists?

Great!
It may be what is blacked out of google sky.
I think there is much information to point to a protostar, or brown dwarf in binary orbit with our own sun.
I believe we are being lied to by mainstream science.

[edit on 4-2-2010 by GW8UK]

Well done for putting this together

Certainly makes a much stronger case for the existence of another large body in the solar system then most of the threads pertaining to this subject. I'm still not convinced however and this object, be it a plutoid or a brown dwarf (dark star) could easily spend all of it's orbital period around the sun in the far reaches of the system. There is still nothing to suggest that it interacts at all with the inner solar system.

Fascinating stuff. I admire your candor for posting this in the face of the mountain of Niburu rubbish all over the internet. I just hope this thread doesn't turn into another worship session for the big 'N'.

reply to post by ElectricUniverse

In that image you can find the drawing of what is called a tenth planet, which is situated in the drawing at about 4.7 Billion miles away,

If you're referring to the picture in the bottom right...I think you're counting 10 planets because one of them is the sun. Counting left to right...Sol, Mecury, Venus, Earth...and notice the line curving away? That's the path from earth described in the text as showing the path of the Pioneer probes. Counting that way, you'll see Saturn as the one having a distinct ring, and only 9 planets.

and it also shows a Dark Star situated at around 50 Billion miles away.

It also shows two, massive bipeds bigger than stars. I don't think those are intended to be real objects.

This image that we're talking about, incidentally, is the Pioneer plaque that was put on both Pioneer 11 and 12. The object I think you're interpreting as a "dark star" is supposed to be a graphical representation of the period of pulsars used to show the position of Sol relative to the center of the galaxy.


[edit on 4-2-2010 by LordBucket]

The speculation of a planet past Pluto has been talked about for some time now -- and I don't mean by ATSers and other "conspiracy" forums. I mean by real mainstream scientist (such as NASA). In fact, a tenth "planet" bigger than Pluto WAS discovered in 2003 (Eris) only to have it and Pluto demoted to "dwarf planet" status. Without Pluto's demotion, Eris would have been the 10th planet -- it's bigger than Pluto and has its own moon.

The same thing goes for a brown dwarf star somewhere in the outer reaches of our solar system. NASA has said that their WISE infrared space telescope may find a brown dwarf closer to our Sun than Alpha Centauri.

It's interesting to note that this isn't "Secret Stuff"; it's all mainstream science.

As for the book -- I doubt it's a "hoax" and I don't think its a misprint. Perhaps that "1987 New Science and Invention Encyclopedia" is the kind of publication that likes to be on the cutting-edge of speculation. After all, it does have "New Science" as part of its title. I'd like to see the rest of that article (and more of that book) to understand in which context they discussed this 10th planet and "dark star".


EDIT TO ADD:
Here's an article in which Ned Wright (the principle investigator for NASA's WISE mission) discusses the possibilities of WISE finding a brown dwarf or a Jupiter-sized body within the gravitational pull of the Sun:
www.planetary.org...


[edit on 2/4/2010 by Soylent Green Is People]

Hello everyone!

A simple question here, since I'm no science genius... IF we are in binary solar system, wouldn't the "wobble effect" show itself? That's a way used to find exo-planets, right? Then, IF we are in a binary solar system, we should see the night sky going left-right and front-back in alignment from its ( the solar system ) central axis. But how to find the center of a system we know not all of the facts about? Well, if the night sky "wobbles" in a fashion that calculations can not corroborate, according to what we officially know, that would be a give away, no?

I seem to remember having read that the universe seemed to be "breathing" as we saw it grow and shrink alternatively... A mis-explained wobble effect here?... hmmm... Anyone with the know-how to verify this hypothesis?

PS: I know I started with " A simple question here..." but I also said "I'm no science genius"...

PPS: er... If we are in a binary system, wouldn't that be a coincidence, then, that old civilizations like the dogons talk about visitors from binary systems? WE go to resorts built to make us feel at home in an alien environment, no?... Just throwing a pebble for the fun of seeing the ripples here...

reply to post by LordBucket


I think you're the one that is misreading the image. It is a scanned page from a book. The probe plaque is irrelevant to the OP and just happens to be on the same page.

The image the OP is referring to is the diagram of the solar system. It clearly states towards the top of the diagram "Tenth Planet 4.7 billion miles".

Very interesting find I must say. S&F

I love the title of the thread...reminds me of a CNN or FOX news poll...."truth or Hoax" with no choice for other options...like miscalculation, misunderstood, etc...

Now, on topic, I too have this book and have pondered the accuracy of this...I don't know that it is "truth" or a "hoax"....I would most likely label it as speculation.

OP for reminding me about this encyclopedia...now I need to get up in my attic and drag it out from the cobwebs.

S&F

[edit on 4-2-2010 by Aggie Man]

reply to post by nik1halo

I think you're the one that is misreading the image. It is a scanned
page from a book. The probe plaque is irrelevant to the OP

...ahh, upper left, not lower right image. Ok. Tough to read the text of that one on my screen.

Tenth Planet 4.7 billion miles

After much looking, it seems that the Pioneer probes were deliberately looking for a tenth planet in order to explain the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Source 1 Source 2

Both articles are dated 1987, which matches the publishing date of the book. 4.7 billion miles would put it beyond the orbit of Pluto even at apogee, so it's possible that image shows the 10th planet that they expected to find at roughly the location they expected to find it. Though...the dotted lines in the image seem to imply that the 4.7 figure is distance from probe, not distance from Sol. There are lines from the 10th planet to both probe...so it's not clear which probe that's supposed to be the distance to. But, assuming the probe between Uranus and Neptune, Neptune has an average orbit of 2.8 billion miles from Sol, and 2.8 plus the 4.7 listed is on the right order of magnitude of distance to be Eris, which sits at roughly 8.8 billion miles away.

So, most likely, the tenth planet shown in the picture is the planet they were specifically looking for, but didn't manage to actually find until 2005: Eris.

dead star

No luck finding any likely candidates for this yet.

reply to post by LordBucket


I am talking about the upper left drawing. It shows a tenth planet outside the Solar System, and a "Dead Star." I also gave severalexcerpts to research papers and publications that point to the very real possibility of there being a companion star to our Sun, but one that never became a Sun, and such a star would also have planets, or at least one revolving around it which would explain the tenth planet.

Originally posted by Chonx
Well done for putting this together

Certainly makes a much stronger case for the existence of another large body in the solar system then most of the threads pertaining to this subject. I'm still not convinced however and this object, be it a plutoid or a brown dwarf (dark star) could easily spend all of it's orbital period around the sun in the far reaches of the system. There is still nothing to suggest that it interacts at all with the inner solar system.

Fascinating stuff. I admire your candor for posting this in the face of the mountain of Niburu rubbish all over the internet. I just hope this thread doesn't turn into another worship session for the big 'N'.

I understand what you are saying. There certainly have been people who have been trying to make money from this subject. People like Mark Hazelwood, and the Zeta talk lady.

I used to be part of the 2003 Nibiru forum in AOL, but you must know that many of us in that forum knew that there was no real information that corroborated the claim from Hazelwood that Nibiru would return in 2003. For this Hazelwood would claim we were "CIA agents trying to discredit him". He would claim this every time we would ask for evidence that supported his claims, and of course he could never provide such evidence.

Yes, there are many crackpots, but there are also many respectable people, and even scientists who have done research on this subject and found evidence that seems to point to the existance of a dark companion to our Sun, and probably at least one more planet.

reply to post by Soylent Green Is People


Yes you are right, we have discovered planetoids, but none of them have enough mass to account for the anomalies.

Perhaps I should write the anomalies I am talking about, even though I posted them in another thread having to do with runaway stars.

I will post the anomalies i am talking about and which some of them were found recently.

BTW, if you can check the page and see if the image is genuine that would be perfect. i was never able to find anyone who had that encyclopedia.

PS: Ooops, I just realized that it wasn't you who said you had the encyclopedia.......

[edit on 4-2-2010 by ElectricUniverse]

reply to post by Soylent Green Is People

I'd like to see the rest of that article (and more of that book)

Here are scans that include the preceeding and following pages. They're not much help though.

reply to post by LordBucket

No luck finding any likely candidates for this yet.

Ok...I found it.

It looks like the origin of the "dark star" idea is the IRAS probe, which discovered "about 350,000" infrared sources. One of which, according to wikipedia:

Content from external source:
The observatory also made headlines briefly with the discovery of an "unknown object" that was at first described as "possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this solar system." However, further analysis revealed that, of several unidentified objects, nine were distant galaxies and the tenth was "intergalactic cirrus". None were found to be Solar System bodies.

This site links to several newspaper articles and a NASA press release about it.

Sounds to me like in addition to a tenth planet, they were specifically looking for a large "Jupiter like object" similar to the one Soylent Green Is People mentioned in this post. But...they were looking for it as early as 1983.

Originally posted by Aggie Man
I love the title of the thread...reminds me of a CNN or FOX news poll...."truth or Hoax" with no choice for other options...like miscalculation, misunderstood, etc...

There is only so much space for the name of a thread and i had to include the name of the encyclopedia which is long so i pretty much only had space for two more words.

Originally posted by Aggie Man
Now, on topic, I too have this book and have pondered the accuracy of this...I don't know that it is "truth" or a "hoax"....I would most likely label it as speculation.

OP for reminding me about this encyclopedia...now I need to get up in my attic and drag it out from the cobwebs.

S&F

There is more than speculation. There are anomalies which can only be explained if a massive body exists beyond the orbit of Pluto.

Some people might have heard about some of the anomalies, but there are many more, as well as research that points to the very possibility of such a dark companion and at least one more planet if not more.



[edit on 4-2-2010 by ElectricUniverse]

reply to post by ElectricUniverse


When I say "speculation", I meant in the sense that they have "10th Planet" and "Dead Star" labeled on the diagram, when in reality, in 1987 they had no idea what was causing the gravitational anomaly...it's was pure speculation.

Here are a couple of excerpts and links about the pioneer anomalies which still can't be explained.

March 28, 2007: Read a letter from Pioneer Project Anomaly project director Slava Turyshev on the status of the analysis of the recovered Pioneer data.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Something strange is happening in the outer reaches of our solar system. The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft are not where they are supposed to be. These missions, launched in 1972 and 1973, have covered hundreds of millions of kilometers, heading toward the edge of our solar system. But something is holding them back. Each year, they fall behind in their projected travel by about 5,000 kilometers (3,000 miles).

Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist John Anderson and his colleagues have been searching for an explanation since 1980. But as of yet, they have found nothing conclusive; no spacecraft behavior or previously unknown property of the outer solar system can explain the deceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft. Scientists are being forced to consider the unthinkable: something may be wrong with our understanding of the laws of physics. An important line of inquiry will be to study mounds of Doppler (velocity) data and spacecraft status data (like temperatures) that have been unavailable to researchers—but that is about to change.

www.planetary.org...

Focus: the Pioneer anomaly


To date, the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft are the most precisely navigated deep-space vehicles. However, as indicated by their radio-metric data, the Pioneers’ orbit reconstructions were limited by a small, anomalous, constant, blue-shifted, Doppler frequency drift of approximately 6 x 10^-9 Hz/s. The drift can be interpreted as due to a constant sunward acceleration of a_P = (8.74 ± 1.33) 10^-10 m/s^2. This interpretation has become known as the Pioneer anomaly.


Although the most obvious explanation would be that there is a systematic origin to the effect, the limited set of the analyzed data does not support any of the suggested mechanisms. We assert that analysis of the entire existing Pioneer data is vital to understanding the anomaly and, hopefully, to finding its origin. Indeed, analysis of the entire existing Pioneer data record is critical in attacking the anomaly on two fronts: (i) an analysis of the early, not rigorously analyzed, data could yield a more accurate direction of the anomaly and hence might help to determine its origin; (ii) by using the entire data set, from 1972 to 2002, one could study the temporal evolution of the anomaly and determine if it is due to on-board nuclear fuel inventory and related heat radiation or other mechanism.

www.issi.unibe.ch...



[edit on 4-2-2010 by ElectricUniverse]

Another anomaly which was reported only recently and I reported on the forums a while back is the recently reported secular increase in the distance between the Sun and the planets (AU) in the Solar System which was found out by three different research groups.

Something massive with great mass must be the cause of this.

Anomalies in the Solar System
Dittus, Hansjoerg
37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July 2008, in Montréal, Canada., p.717
Several observations show unexplained phenomena in our solar system. These observations are e.g. the Pioneer Anomaly, an unexplained constant acceleration of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft, the Flyby Anomaly, an unexplained increase of the velocity of a series of spacecraft after Earth gravity assists, the recently reported increase of the Astronomical Unit defined by the distance of the planets from the Sun by approximately 10 m per century, the quadrupole and octupole anomaly which describes the correlation of the low l contributions of the Cosmic Microwave Background to the orientation of the Solar system. Lacking any explanation until now, these phenomena are still investigated intensively. In my talk I will discuss the present status of those investigations and the attempts to find reasonable explantions.

adsabs.harvard.edu...

Here is some more information about this anomaly.

Secular increase of the astronomical unit and perihelion precessions as tests of the Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati multi-dimensional braneworld scenario
Lorenzo Iorio JCAP09(2005)006 doi: 10.1088/1475-7516/2005/09/006


PDF (313 KB) | HTML | References | Articles citing this article



Lorenzo Iorio
Viale Unità di Italia 68, 70125, Bari, Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. An unexpected secular increase of the astronomical unit, the length scale of the Solar System, has recently been reported by three different research groups (Krasinsky and Brumberg, Pitjeva, Standish). The latest JPL measurements amount to 7 ± 2 m cy−1. At present, there are no explanations able to accommodate such an observed phenomenon, either in the realm of classical physics or in the usual four-dimensional framework of the Einsteinian general relativity. The Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati braneworld scenario, which is a multi-dimensional model of gravity aimed at providing an explanation of the observed cosmic acceleration without dark energy, predicts, among other things, a perihelion secular shift, due to Lue and Starkman, of 5 × 10−4 arcsec cy−1 for all the planets of the Solar System. It yields a variation of about 6 m cy−1 for the Earth–Sun distance which is compatible with the observed rate of change for the astronomical unit. The recently measured corrections to the secular motions of the perihelia of the inner planets of the Solar System are in agreement with the predicted value of the Lue–Starkman effect for Mercury, Mars and, at a slightly worse level, the Earth.

www.iop.org...

Not only are satellites being affected by some unexplained force, but asteroids are also being affected, and they are arriving days before the are expected, and again there must be some large massive body affecting asteroids and flinging them faster towards the inner Solar System.

6 The increase of the Astronomical Unit

6.1 The observation

From the analysis of radiometric measurements of distances between the Earth and the major planets including observations from Martian orbiters and landers from 1961 to 2003 a secular increase of the Astronomical Unit of approximately 10 m/cy has been reported (36) (see also the article (37) and the discussion therein).

6.2 Search for explanation

Time–dependent gravitational constant and velocity of light This increase cannot be explained by a time–dependent gravitational constant G because the ˙ G/G needed is larger than the restrictions obtained from LLR.

It has also been speculated that a time–dependent change in the velocity of light can be responsible for this effect. Indeed, if the speed of light becomes smaller, than ranging will simulate a drift of distances. However, a inspection of Kepler’s third law
T2 4π2
a3 = GM⊙

(17)
12

shows that, if one replaces the distance a by a ranging time a = ct, then effectively the quotient G/c3 appears. Only this combination of the gravitational constant and the speed of light governs the ratio between the orbit time, in our case the orbit time of the Earth. Consequently, a time–dependent speed of light is equivalent to a time–dependent gravitational constant. Since the latter has been ruled out to be possibly responsible for an increase of the Astronomical Unit, also a time–dependent speed of light has to be ruled out.

Cosmic expansion The influence of cosmic expansion by many orders of magnitude too small, see Sec.9.2. Neither the modification of the gravitational field of the Sun nor the drag of the planetary orbits due to the expansion is big enough to explain this drift.

Clock drift An increase of ranged distances might also be due to a drift of the time scale of the form t → t + αt2 for α > 0. This is of the same form as the time drift needed to account for the Pioneer anomaly. From Kepler’s third law one may ask which α is suitable in order to simulate the increase of the Astronomical Unit. One obtains α ≈ 3 · 10−20 s−1 what is astonishing close to the clock drift needed for a clock drift simulation of the pioneer anomaly, see Eq.(16) and below.
7 The quadrupole and octupule anomaly Recently an anomalous behavior of the low–l contributions to the cosmic microwave background has been reported. It has been shown that (i) there exists an alignment between the quadrupole and octupole with > 99.87% C.L. [38], and (ii) that the quadrupole and octupole are aligned to Solar system ecliptic to > 99% C.L. [39]. No correlation with the galactic plane has been found.

The reason for this is totally unclear. One may speculate that an unknown gravitational field within the Solar system slightly redirects the incoming cosmic microwave radiation (in the similar way as a motion with a certain velocity with respect to the rest frame of the cosmological background redirects the cosmic background radiation and leads to modifications of the dipole and quadrupole parts). Such a redirection should be more pronounced for low–l components of the radiation. It should be possible to calculate the gravitational field needed for such a redirection and then to compare that with the observational data of the Solar system and the other observed anomalies.

..........................
8.2 Other anomalies?
There is one further observation which status is rather unclear bit which perhaps may fit into the other observations. This is the observation of the return time of comets: Comets usually come back a few days before they are expected when applying ordinary equations of motion. The delay usually is assigned to the outgassing of these objects. In fact, the delay is used for an estimate of the strength of this outgassing. On the other hand, it has been calculated in (44) that the assumption that starting with 20 AU there is an additional acceleration of the order of the Pioneer anomaly also leads to the effect that comets come back a few days earlier. It is not clear whether this is a serious indications but a further study of the trajectories of comets certainly is worthwhile.

arxiv.org...


So, even comets are being affected by something which is accelerating them, which is "believed" to be at around 20 AU. This is not happening just to satellites, but it is the first time that i read it is also happening to comets, and now even the planets in the Solar system are being affected, and their distance between them and the Sun is increasing.

And there is more.

thought it might be of interest to some. If I may add
Bump?