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13 grooved hypodermic-like projections, each capable of piercing a sandshoe and each have extremely toxic venom.
There are 37 species of funnel-web spider in Australia, found in most regions of the country. Both are shiny black in colour with a dark purple/brown abdomen. Females grow up to 40 millimetres in length while males are about 10 millimetres smaller, but there venom is six times more toxic. The Sydney funnel-web is the most renowned being able to inject 0.17mg of deadly venom into its prey, an amount of venom which can easily kill a human.
The white-tailed spider has a bad reputation, but there is no proof that its bite causes long-term tissue damage.
Most victims suffer only localised pain, redness and swelling which may last from a few hours to a few days, although in some cases the symptoms are more severe
Conflicting theories on necrotising arachnidism There is no confirmed cause of necrotising arachnidism. It is unclear why most people who are bitten have only mild reactions, while a very tiny minority suffers from skin ulceration. Researchers are divided, but current theories on the causes of necrotising arachnidism include: * Mistaken identity – some researchers believe that white tailed spider bites aren't capable of causing skin ulceration and suggest that other spiders or other factors are to blame. * Misdiagnosis – in rare cases, a diagnosis of necrotising arachnidism has later been found to be another condition. * Pre-existing medical conditions – various immune system disorders or problems with the circulatory system may predispose a person to necrotising arachnidism. Necrotic lesions Localised skin breakdown, loss and death (necrotic lesions) can be caused by a range of other factors, including: * Poor blood circulation (one of the most common causes of leg ulcers) * Unmanaged diabetes * Some fungal infections * Some bacterial infections * Burns, such as chemical burns. Treatment for necrotising arachnidism There is no cure for necrotising arachnidism. Treatment options include: * Medications - including antibiotics and cortisone medication (corticosteroids). * Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - oxygen delivered at higher than usual intensity and pressure. * Surgery - the dead skin is removed and a skin graft applied.
1. Inland taipan 0.025 Australia
2. Eastern brown snake 0.053 Australia
3. Coastal taipan 0.099 Australia
4. Tiger snake 0.118 Australia
5. Black tiger snake 0.131 Australia
6. Beaked sea snake 0.164 Australia
7. Black tiger snake (Chappell Island ssp.) 0.194 - 0.338 Australia
8. Death adder 0.400 Australia
9. Gwardar 0.473 Australia
10. Spotted brown snake 0.360 (in bovine serum albumin) Australia
11. Australian copperhead 0.560 Australia
12. Cobra 0.565 Asia
13. Dugite 0.660 Australia
14. Papuan black snake 1.09 New Guinea
15. Stephens' banded snake 1.36 Australia
16. Rough scaled snake 1.36 Australia
17. King cobra 1.80 Asia
18. Blue-bellied black snake 2.13 Australia
19. Collett's snake 2.38 Australia
20. Mulga snake 2.38 Australia
21. Red-bellied black snake 2.52 Australia
22. Small eyed snake 2.67 Australia
23. Eastern diamond-backed rattlesnake 11.4 North America
24. Black whipsnake >14.2 Australia
25. Fer-de-lance >27.8 South America