Nazi Bell was a Urainium 233 breeder

The Nazi Bell did exist because it was referred to in a classified intelligence report of Argentina's Economic Ministry in 1945 declassified in 1993 and again in classified Polish post war interrogations of Jakob Sporrenberg which were declassified 1998.

These reports were cross corroborated by Tom Agoston's interviews with Kammler's deputy Dr Wilhem Voss who was in hiding from the Nuremberg trials.

I don't however buy the anti-gravity claims as anything more than a disinformation campaign latched on to by a great number of sincere believers.

The Nazi Bell was in fact an Accelerator Driven nuclear reactor (ADS device) to breed Uranium U233 from Thorium 232 for an A-bomb. Nazi Germany was not in 1944 looking for anti-gravity breakthroughs.

Anyone who follows the history of Nazi Germany will realise that Germany had very limited resources and in 1944, all efforts were being directed towards breakthough wonder weapons. In particular huge resources were poured into nuclear weapons development. Dornberger disclosed under British internment that Hitler had told him the V2 was destined to have a far more important warhead than mere explosives.

Nazi Germany faced a long uphill slog to create an A-bomb from plutonium or uranium enrichment, but with a high energy Proton generator in the Nazi bell, Germany could bombard Thorium 232 to produce Uranium 233 which could easily be used in a gun detonator type, A-bomb.

By using Thorium the Nazis could breed Uranium 233 for a bomb without costly enrichment.

reply to post by sy.gunson



Good stuff man...





Here is a link that Gives You a Better Idea of ADS's...


It was a little difficult for me to grasp some of what is shown, but the average laymen should get a decent idea of how and why...


Quite a few Nations (Germany included) had a hand in the project - under 'Related Links' at the bottom...and the Project Manager was German.


Doesn't mean anything, but I thought I would point that out anyways...

At last! This is, IMHO, the single most reasonable explanation I have heard for the bell, well reasoned and well done!

I appreciate the replies. the bell differs from a modern ADS reactor which is aimed at heat generation to turn steam turbines.

According to SS Oberggruppenfuhrer Jakob Sporrenberg's account, the material irradiated was placed in a porcelain vase at the central axis of the Bell which was in essence just a giant contra rotating pair of bells. Inside those Bells as they spun was mercury which fluoresced to a plasma state under the influence of electromagnets placed around the outside of the bell. Sporrenberg said it only ran for periods of minutes rather than hours.

It only recently came to light from Greg Rowe that when he lived at Huntsville Alabama, former Nazi scientist Otto Cerny in the Nasa project talked about the Nazi bell to Rowe's father.

The Nazi codename for this nuclear project was operation Reise.

The Reisenbirge underground complex, or “Complex Reise” consisted of 195,000 sq metres of tunnels and ten underground complexes. These tunnels were located mainly south east from modern day Walbrzych (nee Waldenberg) in the Owl Mountains with the main tunnels based around Osowka (nee Sauferhohen) and Wlodarz (nee Wolfsberg). This complex was south of Swdnica (nee Schweidniz). Three nearby tunnels are located at Rzeczka, Jugowice and Sobon.

To the north there were two airstrips near Swdnica and four airstrips near Klodzko. Within a 30 kilometre radius. All these airstrips remained in German hands until early May 1945.

Slave labour was provided from KZ Gross-Rosen housing 13,300 prisoners kept by 853 Wehrmacht guards. Several smaller camps were set up specifically to provide labour for specific tunnels. The main camp however was under the control of SS Sturmbannfuhrer Karl Bebo and the entire complex was under Standartenfuhrer Albert Lutkemeyer.

More concrete was used on constructing Complex Reise between September 1943 and February 1945 than in all the air raid shelters and flak towers, built within Germany. Armoured trains from Prague kept a constant shuttle of supplies. From March 1945 these trains began to evacuate Nazi loot and top secret Luftwaffe documents from Complex Reise. One train which left for Freiwald is said to have completely vanished.

Other more isolated tunnels are also located at Zamek Kslaz, north of Walbrzych near castle Furnstein. This particular tunnel appears to have been intended as an alternative Fuhrer headquarters, but never saw use as such.

After the war that tunnel’s construction manager Xaver Dorsch gave Soviet investigators tours through the Furnstein tunnels and many incredible accounts for the use of these tunnels. Much of the surviving knowledge comes from Xaver Dorsch, but some also accused him of creating disinformation.

Uranium and Thorium bearing deposits immediately south of the Reise complex were mined at Gluszyca. Xaver Dorsch claimed the tunnels were part of a nuclear weapons project which employed 180 scientists from Denmark and Norway.

3648 forced labourers are known to have died from exhaustion or disease. A further 857 were deported to Auschwitz. This camp was evacuated in February 1945. Soviets captured the area in mid May 1945. Nazi Werewolf units kept fighting from the forests until many months after the war finished.

Other tunnels around Osowka, particularly Wolfsberg were deliberately sealed, or flooded in the final weeks of the war by SD and SS personnel.

Most famously, in April 1945 a device codenamed Die Glocke and also referred to as the Nazi Bell was recovered from Complex Reise and loaded into a Junker Ju-390 for an evacuation flight to Norway.

Again i say ridiculous,

Does anyone remember the Manhattan Project? Ok, Remember Oak Ridge.
The site that covered 60,000 acres employed tens of thousands and used
1/6th the United States electrical output to run the site. All to produce Uranium-235. Yet the super Nazi's with a "bell" approximately 9 feet wide and 12 to 15 feet high. Were managing to get the job done. First it was "Red Mercury" then Anti-Gravity and now they were enriching Uranium. What next?

Spoonz you said that Germany was getting the job done? From what I know the whole project didn't give any fruit nor did they ever have nuclear weapons. But maybe that was a part of the failure, the scale of the project was too small.

Edit: Small or big, still the problem must have been their scientific approach rather than the magnitude of labor effort.

[edit on 11-5-2009 by Clear]

Well Spoonz I don't make claims about Red mercury. Joseph Farrell does. I didn't claim it was anything to do with anti gravity. Obergruppenfuhrer Jakob Sporrenberg told his soviet interrogators that 1950/51 before they executed him.

I'd be happy to explain the nuclear physics Spoonz but you probably wouldn't understand.

Does anyone remember the Manhattan Project? Ok, Remember Oak Ridge.

Showing you're age aren't you Spoonz ?

I'm no spring chicken myself but no, sad to say the Manhatten project was a bit before my time. Always glad to shake the hand of a veteran though.

Just because the Nazis did not produce a nuclear weapon (even that is disputed) does not ipso facto imply they did not have an A-bomb project. Your logic is far from rational Spoonz.

And you presume therefore that the Nazis lacked a project of equal size. Gosh you do need some educating don't you ?

First you need to understand that then Colonel Juan Peron operated a Spanish spy ring which penetrated Los Alamos. The Germans had regular transcripts of telephone calls between FDR and General Groves and knew of the Manhatten Project from day one in 1942.

We know this because when Paris was liberated the ALSOS mission made a bee line for the Champs d'Elysee offices of a scientific newspaper called Celastiq where they liberated said transcripts. Pretty amazing when you consider hardly any Americans knew of the Manhatten Project back then.

In 1942, the Nazis got serious about nuclear research. Officially the Nuclear research project of the German Post office was abandoned. In truth it was handed to Kaiser Wilhelm Gesselschaft - the civil project under Heisenberg.

Borman and Goering however secretly funded the Heereswaffenamt (HWA) a top secret military project associated with Dr Kurt Diebner and Dr Paul Harteck.

There was also a (naval) Kreigsmarine project based at Hamburg and later at Stettin trying to create nuclear powered versions of the Type XXI elektro Uboat.

In April 1944 BAMAG Meguin was awarded a massive contract to mass produce gaseous Uranium centrifuges. These were installed in an underground complex codenamed Quartz II east of Melk on the banks of the River Donnau. Enriching Uranium led to bomb grade U235 for a Uranium A-bomb. I personally doubt if the Quartz II project had enough time to succeed.

Meantime Heisenberg was working on a heavy water reactor to try and breed Plutonium, in association with Dr Fritz Houtermans. This could have led to a Plutonium A-bomb, but that path required at least five years.

COMPLEX REISE

Now we get to the really juicy bit.... Nazi Germany did have it's own Los Alamos with 120 nuclear scientists and a secret hidden nuclear project called Complex Reise.

Gosh Spoonz... You've never heard of it ?



The Reise Complex was home to two top secret SS research groups, SS-E-IV and SS-U-13. Although Kammler was ultimately in charge as the Plenipotentiary for Science, strictly speaking the Reise complex was under SS Obergruppenfuhrer Emil Mazuw who died peacefully as a civilian in 1987. Nobody to my knowledge has ever thought to explore archives of interviews with Mazuw.

Kammler was also however head of the SS evacuation command which was better known for evacuating KZ camp inmates on death marches and shooting those who could not walk. Kammler's evacuation command also used a number of armoured trains to evacuate tons of Luftwaffe secret technology documents from tunnels under Furstenstein Castle (near Walbrzych) to Linz, Austria where US Forces scooped up the documents. One of these armoured Trains is said to have simply disappeared at the end of the war. Another of Kammlers's tasks was the contraversial evacuation of the Nazi Bell device, using the remaining Ju-390 aircraft.

After the war a great deal of information about the Reise complex came from wartime tunnel engineer Anthon Dalmus. Polish Jew Murray Bilfeld was an inmate from Complex Reise who retired in New York. Another KZ inmate Leon Weintraub retired to Sweeden. Hungarian KZ inmate Laszlo Steiner today lives in Vienna. Hungarian KZ inmate Kiva Weinberger lives in Montreal and Maiami. Eli Sommer, a Polish inmate emigrated to USA. Another Polish Jew Alex Olson emigrated to USA. Org Todt's Tunnel construction manager Xaver Dorsch survived the war and provided considerable information about the complex. He died in 1986.

These tunnels were supplied labour from the Gross Rosen KZ camps scattered southeast of Bad Charlottenbrunn (nowadays called Jedlina Zdro). 125,000 Camp inmates were either Soviet POWs, or Jews from Greece, Poland and Hungary. A document by architect Siegfried Schmelcher, entitled “Geheime Reichssache 91/44” gives an overview of the complex.

Thorium deposits were mined quite close to the Reise tunnel complex at Wüstegiersdorf (now Gluzyca). 120 Danish and Norwegian nuclear scientists were employed at the site and 63 are said to have been executed by the SS at the end of the war to keep secret the research conducted there. One secret project at the complex relates to a new fighter plane called the V-7.

These camps comprised 4 major camps and 12 satellite camps. SS Guards were controlled by SS Obersturmbahnfuhrer Karl Belbo. There were also four Luftwaffe airfields spread amongst the entrances to these tunnels.


If there's anything else you'd like to know about the Nazi Manhatten Project Spoonz please drop me a line?









[edit on 17-5-2009 by sy.gunson]

Originally posted by Spoonz
Again i say ridiculous,

Does anyone remember the Manhattan Project? Ok, Remember Oak Ridge.
The site that covered 60,000 acres employed tens of thousands and used
1/6th the United States electrical output to run the site. All to produce Uranium-235. Yet the super Nazi's with a "bell" approximately 9 feet wide and 12 to 15 feet high. Were managing to get the job done. First it was "Red Mercury" then Anti-Gravity and now they were enriching Uranium. What next?

You could also say that this tiny car is ridiculous... but it does work.
NanoCar

Is it so hard to believe that there are alternative ways to produce radioactive materials? Did you know if you leave a piece of pure iron in the ground for, of say 25 million years you can turn it into a radioactive material?! Yes, its true. Just go sit in on a high school science lecture and the teacher can tell you how that is possible.

Edit: Im not saying I believe this is true. Just shouldnt throw the possibility out so fast.

[edit on 5/17/2009 by Tentickles]

Tentikles I love your avatar but it's just a little scary too.

You got the point perfectly. Not everybody drive a big V8 SUV. Some people drive little fiat Bambinos and they still get a car ride.

The ADS reactor is a whole lot smarter and faster than building Oak Ridge and Hanniford etc. You don't need to enrich Uranium with an ADS. Throw in some Thorium oxide and some Beryllium oxide. Spin some mercury around it under very high voltage and the Beryllium donates neutrons to the Thorium to become Uranium 233. So simple.

Thread necromancy!

2 questions -- Why did Kammler want to continue producing uranium in Argentina?

Does everything here that you write imply that, infact, Kammler was *not* important vis a vis the contruction of the underground complexes in that area, and more generally?

Can you point at any resources to read more? You seem to have a lot concerning all of this stuff around the bell. The bell itself is somewhat uninteresting to me, but the construction of the complexes, and the postwar whereabouts of Kammler are very interesting to me.

Before you think I'm going somewhere silly, I'm not looking at supposed string pulling from Argentina, and I'm not looking at Nazi Ufos.

Looking forward to hearing more.

[edit on 23-1-2010 by somedudesomeguy]

reply to post by Spoonz
The Nazis were far ahead of the Americans in military technology, developing guided missles and turbojet fighters under von Braun, who went on to head the US space program 15 years after WW2.

I'm not surprised they may have found an easier way.

I believe the Nazis were also developing craft that could enter space, and if these documents showing drafts of Nazi antigravity ships are true, then who knows what we don't know as during that time there was an competition between the then-Soviet Union and America, to capture as much Nazi military technology as they could.

I believe the way it went, during the final weeks and months and afterwards the defeat of Germany, the Americans coming in from the West managed to capture the scientists and Russians coming in from the East managed to get most of the hardware if I remember the story correctly

reply to post by sy.gunson


Yeh the Soviets captured Walenburg, they probably got first dibs on Complex Reise.

Oh, and the scientists probably got out... I see a post doing research that they knew the Soviets were coming, and these scientists fled West, because the Russians were dog mad at the Germans, and the Germans knew it.

Oh now I see this...

Thorium deposits were mined quite close to the Reise tunnel complex at Wüstegiersdorf (now Gluzyca). 120 Danish and Norwegian nuclear scientists were employed at the site and 63 are said to have been executed by the SS at the end of the war to keep secret the research conducted there. One secret project at the complex relates to a new fighter plane called the V-7.

Very interesting, so 57 scientists were still alive.... Why were 63 shot, and what happened to these 57 scientists?

I want to get this clear in my head. I read just about everything, understood some of it.

The nazis had a nuclear weapons program, along with apparently far superior weapons than the allies.

Is the consensus within this thread still the allies won, or are we revising that also to fit the considered opinions of those expressed here.

I tend to agree with Spoonz, who seems to be a contemporary of mine.

Originally posted by hinky
The nazis had a nuclear weapons program, along with apparently far superior weapons than the allies.

Is the consensus within this thread still the allies won, or are we revising that also to fit the considered opinions of those expressed here.

The Nazis were indeed designing and building some pretty amazing superweapons by the end of the war, but what they couldn't do was actually bring them into the battlefield in any significant numbers to affect the outcome. They had some enormous tanks that completely dwarfed anything the Allies had, but only had the resources to build a small number of them. They even built one prototype enormous beast that is still the biggest tank ever built at nearly 200 tons (and had 1500 and 2000 ton models on the drawing board, but which Albert Speer killed in 1943 as being impractical). They had jet fighters that did get deployed in small numbers and was terrifying to Allied fighter pilots. They even had a flying wing aircraft with many early stealth technology features that made it all but invisible to the British radar of the time...but they only built like one or two of those flying wings and you can't win a war that way.

reply to post by hinky


Hinky you raise a valid point about the Nazis having superior technology. This is the hardest thing for many people to reconcile given that Germany lost the war.

A document called the Monsanto report was prepared for A.H. Compton at the end of WW2 based upon captured German scientific documents. NA file G371 report by Monsanto scientists Weinberg and Nordheim to A.H Compton of Manhattan project on state of Nazi nuclear science in WW2. Dated Nov 8 1945 stated:

Point III. What was the state of German theory of the chain reaction? (rhetorical question)

Answer (C) Generally we would say their approach was in no wise inferior to ours; in some respects it was superior.

Prior to WW2 Germany produced the best engineers, physicists and chemists. The Manhattan project could not have built the Plutonium bomb without German trained Jewish expatriates. Indeed the Manhattan project was split with American scientists on the Uranium bomb and European scientists on the Plutonium weapon.


Germany was on the verge of winning WW2 by mid 1944 but two things happened:

Hitler was seriously injured by a bomb in his inner sanctum at the Wolfschanz. Churchill was so convinced the a German nuclear attack on England was imminent that he threatened to unleash Anthrax on Germany.

A few days later on 5 August 1944 Hitler confided in Roumania's leader Marschal Antonescu that although Germany had a revolutionary new explosive capable of destroying everything within a 3-4 km radius of the point of impact, he would not unleash it until Germany had an antidote to it's use by Germany's enemies.

In fact Germany was mass producing Tabun-B nerve gas near Breslau from August 1943. A prisoner of Gross Rosen revealed after the war that prototypes of the V-1 and V-2 with nerve gas warheads were being developed in a factory at Breslau. After the war General Walther Dornberger revealed during internment that Hitler hinted at using the V-2 with more than just two tons of explosive.

There are also references in a diplomatic signal from the Japanese embassy in Stockholm to Germany's use of small nuclear weapons (Uranium atom splitting weapons, or Neumann disintegrators) which the Japanese claim were used on the Eastern front in 1943.

*Japanese Diplomatic signal intercept 12 December 1944 (Magic decrypt) Trans 14 Dec 44 (3020-B), "Stockholm to Tokyo, No. 232.9" December 1944 (War Department), National Archives, RG 457

Thankfully Germany suffered shortages of strategic raw materials for it's weapons and a grave shortage of aviation grade fuels. Had Hitler had the courage in July-August 1944 to deploy nerve gas against England by V-1 or V-2. Had Hitler had the nerve to continue production of the He-277 bomber or to use tactical nukes which the Japanese referred to, then the tide of war may well have turned.

The fact is USA also threatened in July 1944 to attack Dresden with an A-bomb unless Hitler sued for peace. It is worth noting that the nuclear attack on Dresden was planned and only withdrawn in October 1944. There were negotiations in Lisbon which evolved into Operation Sunrise.

These talks are the deepest secrets of WW2.

Originally posted by sy.gunson
Well Spoonz I don't make claims about Red mercury. Joseph Farrell does. I didn't claim it was anything to do with anti gravity. Obergruppenfuhrer Jakob Sporrenberg told his soviet interrogators that 1950/51 before they executed him.

I'd be happy to explain the nuclear physics Spoonz but you probably wouldn't understand.
[edit on 17-5-2009 by sy.gunson]

LOL good ole Sporrenburg. The only person ever to have link him to the Bell was Igor Witkowski who claims to have had access to secret NKVD documents detailing some interrogation.Of course thee documents have disappeared and it is highly doubtful they existed at all.
You would have to wonder why Sporrenburg who was captured by the Allies didn't offer them this same information for asylum. It just doesn't make sense.

As for nuclear physics Sy, considering you complete lack of understanding on how nuclear weapons work in your other thread, I wouldn't be pointing the finger at anyone.

Originally posted by sy.gunson
Germany was on the verge of winning WW2 by mid 1944 but two things happened:

They were, so Germnayb was on the verge of winning whilst Operation Bagration destroyed Army Group Center in the East, the Allies landed in the West and the Germans were being pushed north in Italy. I'm not sure what your definition of being on the verge of victory is, but the facts kind of go against your assertion.

Hitler was seriously injured by a bomb in his inner sanctum at the Wolfschanz. Churchill was so convinced the a German nuclear attack on England was imminent that he threatened to unleash Anthrax on Germany.

Actuall he wasn't worried about a German nuclear attack, that was just Churchill wanting to win by any means necessary. He also planned for the use of mass chemical attacks on the German populace remarking that it would kill millions of Germans quickly. That was just Churchill and his way of thinking, it had nothing to do with being fearful of a German nuclear attack. He would have unleashed it anyway if was unchallenged.

A few days later on 5 August 1944 Hitler confided in Roumania's leader Marschal Antonescu that although Germany had a revolutionary new explosive capable of destroying everything within a 3-4 km radius of the point of impact, he would not unleash it until Germany had an antidote to it's use by Germany's enemies.

This is just hearsay, which has been repeated enough times some people accept it as fact.

In fact Germany was mass producing Tabun-B nerve gas near Breslau from August 1943. A prisoner of Gross Rosen revealed after the war that prototypes of the V-1 and V-2 with nerve gas warheads were being developed in a factory at Breslau. After the war General Walther Dornberger revealed during internment that Hitler hinted at using the V-2 with more than just two tons of explosive.

Yes the Germans had thousands of tone of G agents - Tabun, Sarin and Soman. They never used them because it is suspected that HItler a victim if gas warfare himself was left scarred by that experience and did not wish to iinitiate a chemical exchange. That being said there are claims that towards the end of the war Hitler may have ordered there release into the battlefield, but those in charge never followed these orders.

Thankfully Germany suffered shortages of strategic raw materials for it's weapons and a grave shortage of aviation grade fuels. Had Hitler had the courage in July-August 1944 to deploy nerve gas against England by V-1 or V-2. Had Hitler had the nerve to continue production of the He-277 bomber or to use tactical nukes which the Japanese referred to, then the tide of war may well have turned.

Highly unlikely, it would have resulted in the mass gassing of German cities and it still wouldn't have stopped the Russian steamroller.

The fact is USA also threatened in July 1944 to attack Dresden with an A-bomb unless Hitler sued for peace. It is worth noting that the nuclear attack on Dresden was planned and only withdrawn in October 1944. There were negotiations in Lisbon which evolved into Operation Sunrise.

This supposed threat was made by who to who? So even before the Allies knew they could build a working fission weapon, they were somehow threatening Germany with it?

These talks are the deepest secrets of WW2.

And you have knowledge of these incredibly secret talks how?

Highly unlikely, it would have resulted in the mass gassing of German cities and it still wouldn't have stopped the Russian steamroller.

The Allies only had Mustard gas. Tabun-B however could kill irrespective whether the victim wore a gas mask. Germany stockpiled huge quantities of Tabun-B artillery rounds specifically to stop the Soviet steamroller. In fact Tabun-b was one of the few things the Soviet steamroller could not counter.

sy gunson wrote;

The fact is USA also threatened in July 1944 to attack Dresden with an A-bomb unless Hitler sued for peace. It is worth noting that the nuclear attack on Dresden was planned and only withdrawn in October 1944. There were negotiations in Lisbon which evolved into Operation Sunrise.

This supposed threat was made by who to who? So even before the Allies knew they could build a working fission weapon, they were somehow threatening Germany with it?

Yes correct.

During July 1944 Heisenberg was visited in Berlin by Maj Bernd von Brauchitisch, Goering’s adjutant, with a report that the German legation in Lisbon had learned of an American threat to drop an Atomic Bomb on Dresden during the next six weeks if germany did not sue for peace in some way before then.

Source Irving, David. Virus House. p.283

This was disclosed by Heisenberg at Farm Hall and there are several transcripts available online if you care to Google.

sy gunson said:

These talks are the deepest secrets of WW2.

And you have knowledge of these incredibly secret talks how?

The whole world has knowledge of this Mad Scientist... At least the portion of the world who bother to read history books. I can't be held responsible if you've lived your whole life in a closet.

In late July 1944 Germany was warned that unless it abandoned it's atomic bomb project and sued for peace within 6 weeks then Dresden would be the target of an atomic bomb.

March 1944, a B-29 serial # 41-36963 was diverted to the U.K. where it remained until returning USA 10th May 1944. There were at one time plans to equip 9 Groups with the B-29 in the U.K. replacing the B-24 and having bases in Northern Ireland. It was intentionally given wide publicity in the UK. Germany lacked high altitude fighters capable of detering a B-29 attack.

OSS spymaster James Woods, was based in Switzerland. Following the July 1944 bomb plot, Nazi Economic Ministry official Erwin Respondek was arrested. In Jail he was approached and told he was cleared of suspicions of complicity in the bomb plot, however he was suspected of other crimes.

In fact Respondek was a key informant to the OSS. Respondek was told if he wished his freedom then he had to take a message from Himmler seeking peace talks to James Woods.

Source:
"Two against Hitler: stealing the Nazis' best-kept secrets" By John Van Houten Dippel

Further in reply to Mad Scientist:

A few days later on 5 August 1944 Hitler confided in Roumania's leader Marschal Antonescu that although Germany had a revolutionary new explosive capable of destroying everything within a 3-4 km radius of the point of impact, he would not unleash it until Germany had an antidote to it's use by Germany's enemies.

This is just hearsay, which has been repeated enough times some people accept it as fact.

And your proof that it's just hearsay?

It came from his war crimes trial interrogations, I understand.

I believe the original comes from evidence in Nuremberg evidence cited in NARA RG 25 microfilms. Also cited:

Kroener Bernhard, Müller Rolf-Dieter, Umbreit Hans; "Germany and the Second World War: Organization and ..., Volume 5, Part 1" page 799
Antonescu talks Aug 1944

Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler. ... Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime 1940–1944 (Chicago, 1999) p.485