posted on Mar, 15 2009 @ 11:59 AM
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[edit] Causes
[edit] Western theories
There is no definitively known cause of grisi siknis, although there are some theories which attempt to explain its origin. Although it has no
discovered organic cause, says Dennis, grisi siknis still “follow[s] the classic model for contagious disease”.[55] Dennis claims that grisi
siknis is the source of the emotionally volatile Miskito culture, saying “it is clear that grisi siknis is related to emotional upset, worry, fear
and general anxiety”, while microorganisms, if involved, are intermediate.[56] Dr. Ronald C. Simons, professor emeritus of psychiatry and
anthropology at Michigan State University, as quoted by Nicola Ross in The Walrus magazine, upholds this argument, proposing that grisi siknis is
caused by poverty and stress among the Miskito.[25] Culturally-bound syndromes, Simons says, are often strongly influenced by behavior and experience
and have become a local way of expressing misfortune.[25] Dr. Wolfgang Jilek, of the University of Columbia’s psychiatry department, also quoted by
Ross in The Walrus, calls culturally-bound syndromes “real” despite a general lack of evidence for organic causes.[25] They are primarily the
result of trauma and stress, Jilek claims, that end in mental dissociation problems.[25] Susan Kellogg, Associate Professor and Chair of the History
Department at the University of Houston, says that grisi siknis is the result of the cultural “physical and emotional stresses” that Miskito women
endure.[57] Ariel Shlomo, Co-Director of the Integrative Psychotherapy Center in Ramat Gan, Israel, says that such disorders are the product of the
culture, delineates acceptable coping mechanisms for dealing with external or internal changes.[58] In a typical homeostatic function, Shlomo says,
“ emotional or behavioral disorders in the individual are defined as such by the culture”, which culture subsequently imposes treatment in order
to restore equilibrium.[58] Grisi siknis can be considered a ritualized behavior associated with the adolescent to adult transition among the Miskito,
says Mark Jamieson, professor of social anthropology at the University of Manchester.[59] Girls in Miskito culture, claims Jamieson, are faced with
the culturally inconsistent task of attracting a husband sexually while remaining safe and pure to maintain societal status quo.[60] The contradictory
familial pressures to both protect and marry off the daughter adds to this.[61] Thus, says Shlomo, “the syndrome may be viewed as a safety valve”
to maintain equilibrium between these conflicting pressures.[58] Miskito girls express transitional sexuality through the syndrome while maintaining
social purity, with the culture holding the victims blameless for their actions while attacked by the disease.[58]
[edit] Grisi siknis
Symptoms of grisi siknis vary, but a distinct set of central characteristics. Most of the victims are young girls from 15 to 18 years old.