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If this was wiki i would say [CITATION NEEDED]
"There is no Guyana," Sam, a black engineer told me bluntly as we sat in the hotel restaurant in Georgetown. "The feelings of nationalism and patriotism in Guyana are gone. The people are living here, but they're not living here."
He talked about what lies behind the veneer of shiny new automobiles, concrete houses with carved balconies and high gates:"You see more fancy motor cars," Sam told me bitterly. "But the quality of the roads is the same. Education hasn't improved. Our human social index is way down."
coc aine money, gangster money, narco money.
In the early 1960s, with independence imminent,at that time.
President Kennedy threw the U.S. government's weight behind Burnham [a black man]; it is well-known that the C.I.A. was behind much of the labor unrest and the civil strife that nearly tore the country apart
PNC VS PPP
Jagan's government was destabilized, and Burnham was voted into power in 1964; for the next 28 years, the PNC would rule through rigged elections. Jagan stayed on as leader of the P.P.P. all those years, pounding the opposition pulpit, surviving the worst of times.
Nine months later, on December 15th, Mrs. Jagan was declared the winner in a presidential race, having pulled in 56% of the vote. Mrs. Jagan's victory was as much a homage to a political legacy, as it is an expression of nervous uncertainty about who will shape the country's destiny.
For Jagan, it was a journey of political awakening--into Marxism, which he brought back to Guyana; for my father, it was a journey of immigration, with all its possibilities of identity and mobility.
It was with this vision of shared struggle that Cheddi and his American wife Janet launched the People's Progressive Party (P.P.P.), a multi-racial coalition, in 1950. But that ideal foundered on the shoals of international cold war conflict and deep-seated local racial divisions. Guyana's population is roughly 55 percent Indians, 35 percent Africans, along with smaller numbers of Portuguese, Chinese, and Amerindians.
In 1955, the black leader, Forbes Burnham, split from the P.P.P. and started his own party, the People's National Congress (P.N.C.). Though the parties espoused almost identical political policies, the heady days of racial cooperation were over. While the P.P.P. won again in 1956, the British considered Burnham the less dangerous choice and were leery of Jagan, who unabashedly looked to Cuba and the Soviet Union as political models.
Eventually, Burnham ran up the worst foreign debt in the Western hemisphere, sealed off the economy, and turned Guyana into a paramilitary state. By the mid-seventies, Guyana had become a place of danger, crime, and robbery, shady dealings, and "choke and rob" gangsters stalking people on the streets of Georgetown.--even "overseas Guyanese" could vote. I remember a man knocking on our door in Queens, telling my father and American mother they were on the list. "But we're not even citizens!" they protested. "No matter," the man replied.
Everyone knew its elections were rigged
During the Burnham years, nearly half of the Guyanese population settled overseas--in the last decade, this tiny country was responsible for the fourth largest immigrant group in New York City. "The whole country was waiting to leave," Bernadette Persaud, a Guyanese painter, told me, "We didn't care about the country, we let it go, the roads deteriorated, we put out garbage right out on the streets. We were filled with self-contempt, and that became our justification for leaving."
In 1985, when Burnham died, inflation was a raging 70 percent, GDP growth a laughable .4 percent, and the government couldn't pay its bills.
When his successor, Desmond Hoyte, took over as president, he began slashing the country's bloated, centralized bureaucracy and selling off government-owned companies.
Companies like Reynolds Aluminum, driven out during the heyday of third world nationalization, came back to Guyana to do business.
The 1992 elections were monitored by the Carter Center, and the People's Progressive/Civic party was declared victorious, having garnered roughly 54 percent of the vote--almost all Indian. The 1992 elections were a historical watershed: for those in the P.P.P., this was their moment of historical justice, with their wronged leader rising from the ashes. For others, it meant more of the same in a country dominated by two racialized parties and two charismatic personalities.
In 1992, when Jagan was elected, another change arrived: TV, and with it, all the new fashions and music. Globalization of culture was well underway. Georgetown was exactly as I had envisioned it: long, broad avenues, white wood houses with exquisite lace lattice work and jalousie windows. The British had built a Garden City from which they mean to rule.
But the Georgetown I encountered was also a capital ravaged by war--a war of politics and neglect. The houses were fallen down wrecks, the roads rutted and impassable. One could stroll along a busy boulevard and a moment later disappear into a dangerous, burnt out pocket.
There is, essentially, one road in Guyana--the highway that runs roughly parallel to the sea wall. … Most of Guyana lives on a slender strip of reclaimed coastland, made possible by an ingenious system of canals and dams built by the Dutch in the 17th century.
Before meeting with Janet Jagan, I was nervous. … Calmly she ran over the accomplishments of the PPP/Civic government: the restoration of democracy--"Parliament was a farce before that"; their commitment to education; the selling of new house lots to the poor; their efforts to establish racial harmony. On this last, she blamed the PNC for igniting the race issue all over again. Mrs. Jagan complained, "When we expose corruption, it gets switched into race. The PNC plays a nasty game."
Though the PPP/Civic advertises itself as an inclusive party, and there have been no violent reprisals against blacks, the party draws from a largely Indian vote, and the government appointed largely Indian boards and ministers. No one doubted Cheddi Jagan's own integrity. There was a spartan idealism to both him and Janet that was a welcome relief after Burnham. But surrounding them were the murkier waters of the party.
the 17th century Dutch outpost with factories destined to develop agro-industries & food processing, started cropping …[up] These outposts were intended to expand to more permanent settlements; in Orange & Nassau in the mouth of Amazon river, Fort Kijkoveral on the Essequibo River,Other Dutch outpost were on the Marowyne, Surinam, Commanyne, & Corentyn rivers, in what was the Dutch Guyana & today the republic of Suriname, & in Cayenne, which is today the French Guyana.
and outposts on the Berbice, Demerara, Pomeroon, & Moruca rivers in what was later British Guyana & today the Republic of Guyana.
In 1621 Dutch West India Company was formed to preserve & promote the Dutch interest in the American continents. One of its aims was “to remove the resources which Philip IV, king of Spain & Portugal, drew from his American possessions” (1). The West India Company was, in a way an instrument of war against Spain, & this purpose dictated many of the company’s decisions when sending colonists to the new world.
Tobago was destined by the West India Company to serve also as an agricultural settlement for the growing & refining of sugar & cacao & for the production of rum.
In initial policy the West India Company had taken into account the possibility of having Jews among its colonist, & gradually permitted the exercise of the Jewish religion, although the Dutch Reformed Church was the only one permitted in the colonies at the outset. With the growing presence of Jews in the colonies, priest did not do missionary work & avoided wearing their frocks in public (2).
The Labor Code of the West India Company states that ‘the Negroes & slaves must be well treated & sent off at proper times, when it was the hour for church…and not be burdened with labour on the holidays” (3). This provision was never enforced except by the Jews, who did allow their slaves to work on the Sabbath (4). Open resentment was displayed by the Wild Coast set their slaves free after 49 years of servitude, following the Jewish law of the Jubilee Year (5).
The wave of Jewish immigration to the Wild Coast started after the fall to the Portuguese invaders on the two Dutch Olinda (called Mauricia by the Dutch). The history of the settlement of Dutch Brazil is short –1630-1654. The success, however, of the Jews who settled there in growing sugar cane & refining sugar, their proficiency defence against the Portuguese attacks made them a very attractive human element for colonizing the Wild Coast. Special efforts were made to attract Jews to those new Dutch settlements by patent rights , privileges, & protection.
In paragraph 7 of a grant by the Dutch West India Company (Amsterdam) to David Cohen Nassy & partners for a Jewish colony at cayenne, dated September 12, 1659 (6); one finds that “its shall be permitted to the Jews to have freedom of conscience with public worship & a synagogue & school in the same manner as is allowed in the city of Amsterdam in accordance with the doctrines of their elders, without hindrance as well in the district of this Colony, as in other places in our Dominions, & they shall enjoy all liberties & exemptions of our other colonist…”.
In order to attract Jews, the British, who at the time occupied Surinam which already had Jewish population in the so-called “Jewish Savanna”. Surinam, August 17, 1665 (7) declaring that “Every person of the Hebrew nation…shall possess & be considered as English born… shall not suffer any hindrance in the observance of their Sabbath…and to have a tribunal of their own”.
In 1658 & 1659, Jews who had fled Brazil, joined by Jews from Holland, from Saleh in Morocco, & probably from Hamburg started settling on the Pomeroon & Moruca rivers. The Jewish settlers as described by the British Major Scott who wrote in 1669 an, account on the Dutch possession on Essequibo & Pomeroon tells us that “ a great colony of Dutch & Jews drawn off from Brazil by the Portuguese settled there, & being experienced planters that soon grew a flourishing Collonie” (8).
The Pomeroon settlement, where the majority of the Jews resided, was called New Middelburgh. This colony was described as “the most flourishing one the Dutch ever had in America” (9).
British forces coming from Barbados destroyed the colony in January 1666. The Pomeroon Jews supposedly fled to the “Jewish Savanna” in Surinam.
A similar fate befell the flourishing Jewish settlement in cayenne. Here again Jews from Brazil excelled themselves in growing sugar cane & indigo. The capture of cayenne by the French in 1664 came after the Dutch surrendered on condition that Jewish rights be preserved. The French did not keep their promise, the colony was plundered & part of the Jews of cayenne fled to the “Jewish Savanna” in Surinam. Another part, it is said, was taken by the French to La Rochelle in France from where they trekked to the Netherlands.
This was not the case with the Jewish settlement in Tobago. In July 1654, Jewish refugees from Brazil petitioned the Netherlands States General for Permission to found a separate settlement in Tobago. Curiously enough the petition received no response (10), the explanation being that the Lampsins brothers of Flushing in Zeeland were pressing to obtain rights on the island for their own commercial interests.
Islands of Tobago was inhabited by Indian tribes, the Arawaks & Caribs. In the 16th century, the island was visited by sailors & traders, but the more stationary non-native residents, were pirates & buccaneers who came to hide & overhaul their vessels.
In the 18th century, the first of the European countries interested in Tobago was the Dutch of Courland, consisting of the two western provinces of Latvia, between the Baltic Sea & Gulf of Riga. Being religious Lutherans & possessing a navy, their Duke Jekabs (Jacobus) was interested in possessions overseas. His contacts with Protestant Dutch were strong & was related by marriage to shareholders of related by marriage to shareholders of the Dutch West India Company. Thus, he became interested in Tobago, when colonizing the Wild Coast, & the need to have a base there.
Attempts by Dutch Zeelanders in 1634 & 1637, & by Latvians in 1639 & 1642 met with disaster. Attacks by Spaniards coming from Trinidad for by the warlike Carib Indian tribe managed to destroy new settlements.
First successful Tobago settlement was founded in 1652 by 80 Latvian Courlander families in what is know until today as the “Great Courland Bay” named “Jekabspills” & the island was renamed “New Courland”. Foreigners are permitted to settle in Tobago, if they were willing to acknowledge the authority of the Duke of Cournad. Some Dutch, German, French, & English families settled there.
Influential Lampsins family of Zeeland with financial interests in the Dutch West India Company, were also interested in the island. Adrian Lampsins, “having great qualities was also considered as a sly crook” (11). In 1654 a shipload of 50 Zeelanders established themselves on the opposite side of the island & called the island “New Walchern”.
The two settlements were unaware of each other’s existence for a while. Between the two settlements were Carib Indians who raided the new settlers, & who were gradually exhausting their resources, in spite of fresh settlers from Latvia & Netherlands arriving from to time.
According to a report from 1658 (12), in Tobago there were no more than 40 Latvia capable of carrying arms, along with 500 Zeelanders, joined by Frenchmen who settled under the Dutch. In 1659 the Latvians surrendered to the Dutch.
In 1660 the Lampsins family started collaborating with the French king Louis XIV, & Cornelius Lampsins was elevated to the title of French Baron of Tobago. French planters founded a colony named “Les Quartiers des Trois Rivières” near what is called today “Little Courland Bay”.
Under these strange circumstances, in which the Dutch, French, & Latvians were fighting for Control of Tobago, while the Carib Indians continued their raids,with the second group to comprise 120 souls.
a representative of the Livorno Jews, Paulo Jacomo Pinto, started negotiations in Amsterdam for the transportations of Livorno Jews to the new colonies in 1658 & in 1659
It was also understood that the group from Livorno would pass first through Zeeland. This we learn from the Hague’s Reijkarchief’s West India Papers, in the proceedings from February 24, 1659. This group was landed in Tobago, left there, and, “reduced to poverty & misfortune” (13).
Notwithstanding, a further group of 152 Livorno Jews sailed on the Monte de Cisne on July 20, 1660. The destination should have been Cayenne, but they again reached Tobago (14). Among the passengers was the famous Spanish Jewish poet Daniel Levi de Barrios, whose wife Debora died in Tobago. From these two or perhaps three, voyagers we can see that the Livorno Jews were on the way to Pomeroon & to Cayenne & for some reason or by virtue of a predetermined policy were left in Tobago.
From the West India Company proceedings we learn that in January 1661, Paulo Jacomo Pinto acted on behalf of those remaining in Tobago “which colonists through an accident, were deviated to the island of Tobago & reduced to utmost poverty”. In July 1661 “there appeared Avraham Israel Orta asking restitution of payment made by him…because he was deviated to Tobago instead of Pomeroon”.
Its Should be noted that the Jewish Parnasim of Amsterdam in a resolution made August 1661 prohibiting their Hazzanim (cantors) “of making misheberach or accepting offers for other than the six officially recogized institutions…in view of the great & urgent necessities that presently exist…on account of the failures our brothers have sustained in…Tobago & other islands whence they come, returning in utter poverty & requiring assistance” (15).
Many of the Livorno Jew who had embarked on the perilous journey were originally from Oran in Algeria, which at that time was under Spanish rule. Marranos from Spain preferred to go to Oran & Mers-el-Kebir, where for a while they could live in relative security.
With growing Spanish inquisition persecution many fled to Livorno where they returned to Judaism (16). In Livorno they belonged to the poor part of the Jewish community & looked therefore for a better life & were attracted by the promise of the New World. Dutch middlemen were sent especially to attract these people to the new colonies. It also can be suspected that Paulo Jacomo Pinto had a financial interest in sending these people to their fate.
Researchers disagree whether Tobago served as a transit point only, or whether Jews were to finally settle in Tobago.
The Latvian Courlanders returned to Tobago & were there at least until 1693. The Dutch settlement was wiped out by the French forces in 1678.
Some of the Jews of Tobago returned to Amsterdam, as was the case with the poet Daniel Levi de Barrios & with Abraham Israel Orta mentioned above. Some of those originally destined to reach Cayenne, arrived at their destination only to be expelled from there in 1664.
However, some did remain. Among the applicants for dowries to the “Santa Companhia para dotar donzelas” in Amsterdam (a Jewish organization which saved for dowries for poor young virgins), there is a request by Sara, daughter of David Peres of Tobago. The family Fernandes Tobago – added Tobago to its name (17).
On a signboard at the site of the Latvian monument erected in 1978 on Courlander Point, the Tobago Tourist Bureau wrote, after historical investigation, that “under the benevolent rule (with interruptions from 1639-1693) of the Dukes of Courland in Latvia. Latvians, Dutch, British , French, Jews, Caribs & Gambians formed an international settlement of free men” (Gambia was Latvian colony in Africa at that time).
Daniel Levy de Barrios’s sister Judith had two sons, one of whom died in Tobago in 1680 (18), while the other died in the same year in Martinique.
The above two cases prove that Jews lived in Tobago even after the Dutch had left & the Jews were under Latvian rule.
A search for any physical evidence of Jewish presence in Tobago, made on my last trip there yielded nothing. The only Jewish graves were of Mr Baber Isaacs & his wife, buried in the yard of the Scarborough (capital of Tobago) Hospital. Neighbours told me that his father’s body had to be transported to Barbados the inscription reads: Sacred/to the memory of/Isaac Baber Isaac/who died/in the island of Tobago/20th Tammuz 5624/24th July 1864/and was interred here 29 idem/age 38 years (19).
The graves in Tobago are of Rudolph Sydney Baber Isaacs, born 1865, died 1885 (20).
Tobago Jewish history is unique compared to the other Jewish settlements in the Caribbean & the Guyanas. It is the only place where there was no real intention of developing Jewish life, no to initiate a settlement with a sound economic base fitting for a more permanent stay. Some of the Jews returned to Amsterdam, others went on to Cayenne – their original destination – & a few went to Martinique where Jews could still reside – before their expulsion by the French due to the infamous “Black Code”.
Usually Jews fervently defended their newly acquired lands & liberty. The Jews of Recife fought valiantly against the Portuguese invaders, Pomeroon was abandoned after total destruction by the British, Cayenne Jews were forcibly expelled by the French, & the Jewish National Guard defended “the Jewish Savanna” of Surinam with such courage against the French that their stand is praised in French chronicles. The Jews of Togabo did not show the same attachment to their new land, or perhaps were not given a chance to do so.
I have known a number of people who survived the Nazi regime in Germany and Poland. Their stories are heartbreaking. I've seen the tattooed number on one man's arm, the ones the Nazi's branded them with. It makes me angry when people try to deny the Holocaust. Do they honestly think all of these survivors who tell their stories are lying? Our world seems to be losing more and more compassion every day.
of all the conspiracy theories that I've been whacked over the head with, this is the one theory that I've never seen on this site. We've got literally every kind of loon here--except the holocaust deniers. Why is that?
Odessa was not a real organisation, it was invented by Frederick Forsyth for his 1972 novel, The Odessa File.
I have good reason to believe that Bormann is a false flag,
A captured Al Qaida document reveals that US energy companies were secretly negotiating with the Taliban to build a pipeline.
The document was obtained by the FBI but was not allowed to be shared with other agencies in order to protect Enron. Multiple sources confirm that American law enforcement agencies were deliberately kept in the dark and systematically prevented from connecting the dots before 9/11 in order to aid Enron’s secret and immoral Taliban negotiations.
The suppressed Al Qaida document tends to support recent claims of a cover-up made by several mid-level intelligence and law enforcement figures. Their ongoing terrorist investigations appear to have been hindered during the same sensitive time period while the Enron Corporation was still negotiating with the Taliban.
An inadvertent result of the Taliban pipeline cover-up was that the Taliban’s friends in Al Qaida were able to complete their last eight months of preparations for 9/11 while the Enron secrecy block was still in force.
Although the latest order to block investigations allegedly resulted from Enron’s January 2002 appeal to Vice President Dick Cheney, it appears that there were at least three previous block orders,
Originally, it was designed to conceal Saudi support for Muslim extremists fighting against the Soviets in Afghanistan and Chechnya, but it went too far. Oliver North noted in his autobiography, that every time he tried to do something about terrorism links in the Middle East, he was told to stop because it might embarrass the Saudis. This block remains in place.
The second block order, in force since the 1980’s, was against any investigation that would embarrass the Saudi Royal family.
during the 1990’s through a network of Muslim charities in Virginia, Tampa and Florida. The Saudi funding network was targeted at the destruction of the State of Israel and the obstruction of the Palestinian peace process.
As the combined result of these two blocks, the Saudis were able to fund middle eastern terrorists in complete secrecy
documents and information about a third block:In the early 1990’s, a consortium of American oil companies (lead by Unocal) had hired Enron to determine the profitability of building an oil and gas pipeline across Afghanistan
a prohibition on investigations concerning the Taliban.
There is no doubt that these secret negotiations existed, and that they were known to Al Qaida. Loftus recently received an FBI translation of a highly classified and encrypted Al Qaida document, circa 1997-1998, which was retrieved and decrypted from a computer laptop following the Embassy bombing in Africa. The document was written by Osama Bin Laden’s military commander, Mohammed Atef, under his nom de guerre, Abu Haf, and reveals extensive knowledge of the supposedly secret pipeline negotiations, and their potential economic worth to the Taliban, Pakistan and the U.S.
Former Afghanistan CIA agent Robert Baer has recently published a book charging that the cover-up of the 1990’s pipeline negotiations revealed extensive financial corruption inside the Clinton administration, and contributed to the lack of intelligence before 9/11.
However, in January 2001, Vice Presidentwhatsoever of Saudi-Taliban-Afghan oil connections.
Cheney allegedly reinstated the intelligence block and expanded it to effectively preclude any investigations
Former FBI counter-terrorism chief John O’Neill resigned from the FBI in disgust, stating that he was ordered not to investigate Saudi-Al Qaida connections because of the Enron pipeline deal. Loftus has confirmed that it was O’Neill who originally discovered the AL Qaida pipeline memo after the Embassy bombings in Africa.
...FBI is currently investigating Loftus’ links to John O’Neill, and is also refusing FBI agent Robert Wright permission to publish his own findings about the Enron block.
The Enron cover-up confirms that 9/11 was not an intelligence failure or a law enforcement failure (at least not entirely). Instead, it was a foreign policy failure of the highest order. If Congress ever combines its Enron investigation with 9/11, Cheney’s whole house of cards will collapse.
The email report, written by Al Qaida's head of military operations, Mohammd Atef, describes Al Qaida's view of ongoing secret pipeline negotiations between the US oil companies and the Taliban to build a pipeline through Afghanistan.
This Atef report was almost certainly reviewed by the late John O'Neill at the time of the Embassy bombing, shortly after the Al Qaida report was written. At the time, O'Neill was the FBI agent in charge of the Embassy bombing investigation. The shocking pipeline information may explain why O'Neill became fixated about the Saudi-Taliban-Al Qaida relationship for the few remaining years of his life.
After O'Neill's investigations were repeatedly shut down by his superiors, O'Neill allegedly began making discreet inquiries to French intelligence using two reporters as cut-outs. Both reporters were known consultants for French intelligence and are specialists on both the oil industry and terrorism.
It is plausible that the French Government was upset at being shut out of the Caspian Basin deal, and may have been helping O'Neill behind the backs of his superior's in Washington. It does seem that the more that O'Neill learned, the less he was alowed to do with it.
The last straw was Cheney's refusal to follow up on O'Neill's request to pursue the leads in the Phoenix memo in April 2001. After resigning from the FBI in disgust, John O'Neil spoke candidly to several people, including the two French authors, whom he met again in July.
The email report, written by Al Qaida's head of military operations, Mohammd Atef, describes Al Qaida's view of ongoing secret pipeline negotiations between the US oil companies and the Taliban to build a pipeline through Afghanistan.
This Atef report was almost certainly reviewed by the late John O'Neill at the time of the Embassy bombing, shortly after the Al Qaida report was written. At the time, O'Neill was the FBI agent in charge of the Embassy bombing investigation.
The shocking pipeline information may explain why O'Neill became fixated about the Saudi-Taliban-Al Qaida relationship for the few remaining years of his life.
After O'Neill's investigations were repeatedly shut down by his superiors, O'Neill allegedly began making discreet inquiries to French intelligence using two reporters as cut-outs. Both reporters were known consultants for French intelligence and are specialists on both the oil industry and terrorism.
It is plausible that the French Government was upset at being shut out of the Caspian Basin deal, and may have been helping O'Neill behind the backs of his superior's in Washington. It does seem that the more that O'Neill learned, the less he was alowed to do with it.
After resigning from the FBI in disgust, John O'Neil spoke candidly to several people, including the two French authors, whom he met again in July.
The last straw was Cheney's refusal to follow up on O'Neill's request to pursue the leads in the Phoenix memo in April 2001.
This Al Qaida document may be the first hard evidence to break the Enron pipeline cover-up apart.
Here is [John Loftus'] investigative hypothesis which needs to be greatly fleshed out and footnoted before [he goes] to Congress. [He has] presented [his] thoughts by topic, rather than in chronological order.
Back in the 1970's and 80's, Saudi intelligence (not the CIA as has been reported) funded the early Taliban faction and later Al Qaida as part of the insurgency to throw the Russians out of Afghanistan.
A few years afterwards, US energy companies (Enron, as the Afghan pipeline consultant for UNOCAL) used the Saudi intelligence connection to the Taliban to begin negotiations for a pipeline across Afghanistan.
Prince Turki, chief of Saudi inteligence, has publicly admitted making several trips into Afghanistan to negotiate a peace mission with the Taliban.Prince Turki was fired as head of Saudi intelligence immediately after the pipeline discussions collapsed in August 2001.
[Loftus'] sources say [Prince Turki] was the pipeline mediator for Enron.
Prince Turki is allegedly close to the Bin Laden family which was allegedly promised the construction contract in return for a percentage to the Saudi Royal family. This is a common business practice initiated by the Carlyle Group's contracts in Saudi Arabia.
As the Republican IPO magazine, Red Herring, confirms, President Bush' father was business partners in the Carlyle Group with the Bin Laden family during this period. This company is a Who's Who of former Democratic and Republican intelligence and political officials, whose specialty is acting as super-lobbysists at the highest levels of government. They are also suspected of arranging construction kickbacks to the Saudi royal family in return for discount oil sales.
Red Herring alleges that during a visit to Kennebunkport, Bush senior lectured his son on placating the Saudis, especially with regard to Israel, and even called the Saudis in his son's presence to reassure them that he had told his son their point of view.
Apparently, the deeply angered President Bush mentioned the private meeting with his father to a close friend, who leaked it to Red Herring. Shortly afterward, another Republican newspaper, the Boston Herald, ran a scathing expose on the number of White House officials with investments in Saudi oil, calling it an "obscene conflict of interest."
It should be noted that President Bush at first semed to reject his father's advice about Israel quite strongly, and secretly ordered all American troops to begin a total withdrawl from Saudi Arabia.
White House sources began a steady drumbeat of leaks about Saudi involvement with terrorism, and even authorized long-delayed raids on the Saudi charities in Virginia that served as a money laundry for terrorist operations against Israel.
Suddenly, President Bush made a sudden and startling switch to adopt a more pro-Saudi view. The documents seized in the Virginia raids are barely being translated, let alone investigated.
Nevertheless, the Israelis have been privately informed that criminal cases against the Saudi-financed terrorists in the US like Sami Al Arian, are being dropped for "lack of evidence" before the evidence has even been collated.
The State Department's recent report on Global Terrorism is being denounced as a blatant white-wash by Republicans and Democrats alike.
A plausible explanation for the dramatic policy reversal is that someone (allegedly Cheney) told President Bush to call off the dogs at CIA and FBI, because if the Saudis went down, they would take his father down with them. I think our President has a good heart, but is completely boxed in and does not know how to get out from under his father's legacy.
The Israeli government is angered and bewildered over the sudden switch, and has begun to release documents showing prior US knowledge of Al Qaida operations as well as Saudi support for terrorism. As Crown Prince Abdullah's visit to both Bushes in Texas showed, a modus vivendi has been reached.
Both sides have agreed to pretend that they have always been allies in the war against terrorism, and that Iraq is the real enemy.
The simplest explanantion is that both Crown Prince Abdullah and President Bush can blackmail each other over the Taliban pipeline.
Mutual blackmail makes a bit of sense. The Saudi intelligence connection was the key to get the Taliban pipeline negotiations going without the CIA or FBI finding out.
The Enron political connection to the Bush and Clinton administrations was key to keeping the CIA and FBI off of the Saudis' backs while the negotiations were underway. Messy little details about terrorism were swept under the rug for the sake of the big picture.
The truth is already starting to leak out. It has just been discovered that Enron had purchased huge tracts of land in the Caspian basin, especialy in Turkmenistan, which property is allegedly still on their books. The acerage is enormous, and worthless.
But, if the Taliban pipeline had been built, Enron might have owned some of the most valuable oil exploration sites in the world, and rescued itself from insolvency. Any White House insider who helped Enron would have gotten rich, filthy rich.
and told him veguely about the secret Saudi-Taliban pipeline negotiations, and how important it was to America's energy policy for generations to come.
When Bush's son came into office, Enron allegedly approached Cheney in late January
Like an idiot, Cheney agreed to keep the lid on any Saudi-Taliban investigations for a while. For the sake of the Caspian Basin pipeline, Cheney passed the word inside the beltway not to allow anyone in the Government to connect the dots.
All across America, ongoing Saudi-Taliban investigations were hindered, obstructed, or closed down, just as the Clinton administration had done before them.
What no one did was check Enron's accounting. The pipeline deal made little economic sense in view of Russian cooperation.
To Enron's horror, the pipeline deal collapsed in August. Then came 9/11. Then came the Enron collapse. Then came the Cheney coverup.
Cheney's biggest problem is the two fairly senior intelligence officalls who rebelled and became whistleblowers: Robert Baer of CIA and John O'Neill of FBI.
The rest of the FBI and CIA higher ups have kept their mouths shut, although a lot of lower level people are now coming forward to question their superior's strange behavior. The two rebels, Baer of CIA and O'Neill of FBI, were of course, driven into retirement.
Much of the Saudi information was blacked out of Baer's book by CIA censors, but enough remains to thoroughly document the brazen avarice of senior Clinton NSC officials for a Caspian Basin pipeline.
Baer names a few names, but he was driven into retirement before he could learn too much. Still, he learned that [quote]both Republican and Democratic officials were involved with the pipeline coverup to the great detriment of American intelligence.[/quote]
[quote]The worst condemnation ever written of the financial corruption in the Clinton administration [/quote]can be found in the last chapters of Robert Baer's recent book, "See No Evil", where he blames the pipeline coverup for substantially contributing to 9/11.
Baer's book makes a strong case, as do O'Neills friends in France with their book. The explanation is raw and blunt. No partisan politics, just greed. A crooked handful of high level officials in the Clinton and Bush administration were clearly obsessed with the Caspian pipeline plan.
Cheney was not the first to block the investigations, but he is probably the last to be involved with the coverup.
That could explain why he is resisting Congress on both the Enron and pre-9/11 intelligence documents ...
Most of my sources say that Bush and Rice may have been deliberately kept out of the loop by Cheney. For example, it was Cheney, not Rice, who saw the Phoenix memo before 9/11.
It is, however, theoretically possible that the President may have known about the pipeline deal from his own sources.
[quote]President Bush's father was the leading lobbbyist for the Saudis and may have been told everything by his Carlyle Group partners, the Bin Laden family, who were supposedly in line to get the Taliban pipelne construction contract. [/quote] But it is doubtful we will ever know what Bush senior told his son while the pipeline negotiations were underway.
In terms of the upcoming Congressional investigation, the Al Qaida document is the first direct written evidence to confirm the existence of secret pipeline negotations with the Taliban. Moreover, it confirms that Al Qaida was informed of these negotiations from the earliest stages.
This raises an interesting question. The Al Qaida author, Mohammed Atef, must have known that his report had fallen into American hands when his operative's computer was captured by the FBI. Atef may have been surprised that his pipeline report was never made public to embarrass the Taliban.
Atef may have suspected merely from the surprising silence that the CIA and FBI were not being allowed to pursue or reveal their Afghanistan investigations while the pipeline negotiations were under way. The Saudis could certainly have tipped off the Taliban that the fix was in. It is hard to believe that the Bin Laden construction company did not learn anything from their Carlyle group partners about the pipeline.
Whatever the source, the early date of the Atef report shows that the highest levels of Al Qaida certainly knew about the pipeline secret from the beginning.
The pipeline coverup could have convinced Atef that Al Qaida could expoit the lack of coordinated intelligence against them.[
In addition to the usual inter-agency bungling,about events in Afghanistan, and plausibly explains why no US agency was allowed to connect the dots. Moreover it explains why honest officials like Baer and O'Neill were driven into retirement.
the Enron cover-up was the real reason for the black hole in US intelligence
Bottom line: Baer and O'Neill were right. There was a pipeline coverup and it very likely contributed to 9/11. The Atef report raises the founded suspiscion, based on specific articulable facts, that AL Qaida might have piggy-backed on the Enron secrecy blackout to launch their surprise attack, confident in their knowledge that [quote]US intelligence had been deliberately blinded by Enron's cronies in Washington. [/quote]
[1] Burson-Marsteller, a major D.C. public relations firm, registered with the U.S. government as a foreign agent for the Saudi embassy within weeks of the Sept. 11 terror attacks.
[2] A powerful Washington, D.C., law firm with unusually close ties to the White House has earned hefty fees representing controversial Saudi billionaires as well as a Texas-based Islamic charity fingered last week as a terrorist front.
[3] The influential law firm of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld has represented three wealthy Saudi businessmen - Khalid bin Mahfouz, Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi and Salah Idris - who have been scrutinized by U.S. authorities for possible involvement in financing Osama bin Laden and his terrorist network.
In addition, Akin, Gump currently represents the largest Islamic charity in the United States, Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development in Richmond, Texas.
Holy Land's assets were frozen by the Treasury Department last week as government investigators probe its ties to Hamas, the militant Palestinian group blamed for suicide attacks against Israelis.
Partners at Akin, Gump include one of President Bush's closest Texas friends, James C. Langdon, and George R. Salem, a Bush fund-raiser who chaired his 2000 campaign's outreach to Arab-Americans.
[4]
In addition to the royal family, the firm's Saudi clients have included bin Mahfouz, who hired Akin, Gump when he was indicted in the BCCI banking scandal in the early 1990s.
In 1999, the Saudi's placed bin Mahfouz under house arrest after reportedly discovering that the bank he controlled, National Commercial Bank in Saudi Arabia, funneled millions to charities believed to be serving as bin Laden fronts.
A bin Mahfouz business partner, Al-Amoudi, was also represented by Akin, Gump. When it was reported in 1999 that U.S. authorities were also investigating Al-Amoudi's Capitol Trust Bank, Akin, Gump released a statement on behalf of their client denying any connections to terrorism. One year earlier, the firm had co-sponsored an investment conference in Ethiopia with Al-Amoudi.
Akin, Gump partner and Bush fund-raiser Salem led the legal team that defended Idris, a banking protege of bin Mahfouz and the owner of El-Shifa, the Sudanese pharmaceutical plant destroyed by U.S. cruise missiles in August 1998.
…Speaking of Akin, Gump partner Kress' office in the White House, Lewis added: "That's not appropriate and frankly it's potentially troublesome because there is a real possibility of a conflict of interest. Basically you have a partner for Akin, Gump . . . inside the hen house."
But another longtime Washington political observer, Vincent Cannistraro, the
former chief of counter-intelligence at the Central Intelligence Agency, said the political influence a firm like Akin, Gump has is precisely why clients like the Saudis hire them.
"These are cozy political relationships . . . If you have a problem in Washington, there are only a few firms to go to and Akin, Gump is one of them," Cannistraro said.
Cannistraro pointed out that"He hired them because Vernon Jordan had influence . . . that's a normal political exercise where you are buying influence," he said.
Idris hired Akin, Gump during the Clinton presidency, when Clinton confidante Vernon Jordan was a partner at the firm.
Akin, Gump is not the only politically wired Washington business cashing in on the Saudi connection.
Two billionaire Saudi families scrutinized by authorities for possible financial ties to Osama bin Laden's terrorist network continue to engage in major oil deals with leading U.S. corporations.
The bin Mahfouz and Al-Amoudi clans, who control three private Saudi Arabian oil companies, are partners with U. S. firms in a series of ambitious oil development and pipeline projects in central and south Asia, records show.
Working through their companies - Delta Oil, Nimir Petroleum and Corral Petroleum - the Saudi families have formed international consortiums with U. S. oil giants Texaco, Unocal, Amerada Hess and Frontera Resources.
These business relationships persist despite evidence that members of the two Saudi families - headed by patriarchs Khalid bin Mahfouz and Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi - have had ties to Islamic charities and companies linked financially to bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization.
So far, bin Mahfouz and Al-Amoudi, who have denied any involvement with bin Laden, have been left untouched by the U. S. Treasury Department, which has frozen the assets of 150 individuals, companies and charities suspected of financing terrorism.
According to a May 1999 report by the U. S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia, Delta Oil was created by 50 prominent Saudi investors in the early 1990s.
The prime force behind Delta Oil appears to be Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi, who is based in Ethiopia and oversees a vast network of companies involved in construction, mining, banking and oil.
Al-Amoudi also owns Corral Petroleum.
The Al-Amoudis' business interests, meanwhile, are enmeshed with the bin Mahfouz family, which owns the third privately held Saudi oil company, Nimir Petroleum.
Nimir was established by the Mahfouz family in Bermuda in 1991, according to the U. S. Embassy report.
The closeness of the two clans is underlined by their joint oil venture, Delta-Nimir, as well as by their partnership in the Saudi firm The Marei Bin Mahfouz & Ahmed Al Amoudi Group of Companies & Factories.
Meanwhile, information continues to circulate in intelligence circles in the United States and Europe suggesting wealthy Saudi businessmen have provided financial support to bin Laden.
Much of it revolves around a 1999 audit conducted by the Saudi government that reportedly discovered that the bin Mahfouz family's National Commercial Bank had transferred at least $3 million to charitable organizations believed to be fronts for bin Laden's terror network.
U. S. and British authorities also reportedly looked at Al-Amoudi's Capitol Trust Bank in London and New York for similar activities.
After the audit, bin Mahfouz was placed under house arrest in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and Al-Amoudi reportedly replaced him as head of National Commercial Bank.
Some of the Saudi money transferred from National Commercial Bank allegedly went to the Islamic charity Blessed Relief, whose board members included bin Mahfouz's son, Abdul Rahman bin Mahfouz.
In October, the U. S. Treasury Department named Blessed Relief as a front organization providing funds to bin Laden.
"Saudi businessmen have been transferring millions of dollars to bin Laden through Blessed Relief," the agency said.
In 1999,issued a statement saying, "Al-Amoudi did not know bin Laden and never had any dealings with him" and that the businessman "was unalterably opposed to terrorism and had no knowledge of any money transfers by Saudi businesses to bin Laden."
Al-Amoudi's lawyers in Washington, Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer and Feld,
Despite officials' suspicions, the bin Mahfouz and Al-Amoudi oil companies continue to profit from their working relationship with America's own oil elite. For example:
[quote]-- The Mahfouz family, through Nimir Petroleum, joined forces recently with Texaco to develop oil fields in Kazakhstan[/quote] estimated to contain as many as 1.5 billion barrels of oil.
[quote]-- The Al-Amoudi family, through Delta Oil, teamed up with Amerada Hess three years ago to develop oil fields in Azerbaijan. Delta-Hess is also part of a consortium hoping to build a $ 2.4 billion oil pipeline from Azerbaijan to Turkey. [/quote]
[quote]-- In the mid-1990s, Delta Oil formed a partnership with Unocal in a failed bid to build oil and gas pipelines from Turkmenistan to the Arabian Sea. [/quote]
[quote]-- In 1994, Delta-Nimir, a joint venture of the Al-Amoudi and bin Mahfouz families, joined with Unocal in a consortium to develop three oil fields in Azerbaijan. In 1996, Delta-Nimir and Unocal closed a second oil development deal in Azerbaijan. [/quote]
political considerations could favor institutions associated with crucial allies like Saudi Arabia, paving the way for terrorist funds to continue to flow through U.S. banks.
U.S. officials allege that Yasin Al-Qadi, a wealthy Saudi businessman whose assets have been frozen by the Treasury Department,through a charity called Muwafaq Foundation.
funneled money from National Commercial to Al Qaeda
Because of suspected terrorist links, the Treasury Department has seized assets and barred numerous banks and financial entities from doing business in the United States.
A banking official who asked not to be identified said new anti-terror legislation is flawed because it gives the government great leeway in determining which business gets blacklisted.
The official said
Two Saudi government agencies bought 50% ofwhich gave up its majority ownership to the government.
National Commercial in 1999. The other half is owned by several shareholders, including members of the Mahfouz family,
The 11th floor aerie from which Yasin Abdullah al-Qadi shepherds his investments is a seemingly endless stretch of plush white carpet barely interrupted by a white leather couch and a spotless desk. The Red Sea dominates the view, sparkling azure in the bright October sunshine.
But the placid surroundings were shattered on Friday when
Mr. Qadi found himself on a new list of 39 individuals and groups accused by the United States Treasury Department of financing Osama bin Laden and his organization, Al Qaeda.
The citation about Mr. Qadi read in part: "He heads the Saudi-based Muwafaq Foundation. Muwafaq is an Al Qaeda front that receives funding from wealthy Saudi businessmen." It goes on to say that the business community has been transferring millions of dollars to Mr. bin Laden through the charity.
It is an accusation that Mr. Qadi says he finds absurd, not least because the foundation shut down five years ago.
"Nothing has been given to bin Laden whatsoever, this is nonsense," Mr. Qadi, a bearded, 45-year-old businessman, said in an interview.
Accusations against pillars of the Jidda community like Mr. Qadi and the foundation -- its six-member board included prominent figures like two members of the bin Mahfouz banking clan.
Three banks allegedly used by Osama bin Laden to distribute money to his global terrorism network have well-established ties to a prince in Saudi Arabia's royal family, several billionaire Saudi bankers, and the governments of Kuwait and Dubai.
One of the banks, Al-Shamal Islamic Bank in the Sudan, was controlled directly by Osama bin Laden, according to a 1996 U.S. State Department report. A second bank, Faisal Islamic Bank, appears to have a relative of Osama bin Laden on its board of directors, the bank's records show.
Despite repeated denials of any connection to their notorious relative, members of the family of Osama bin Laden continue to have close business relationships with another wealthy Saudi banking clan,
the bin Mahfouz family, which is suspected of shipping millions of dollars to the exiled terrorist as recently as three years ago.
The bin Mahfouz family was placed in the spotlight Friday when the Bush administration moved to freeze the assets of 39 more individuals and groups it believes are supporting terrorism.
One of the names on the list, Saudi businessman Yasin al-Qadi, is involved with members of the bin Mahfouz family in a Muslim charity, Blessed Relief, which the Treasury Department says has steered millions of dollars to bin Laden.
Further investigations into the Bin Laden money network have linked a dynasty of Saudi billionaires with close ties to their country's royal family to a London charity accused of being connected with Bin Laden.
The International Development Foundation (IDF) -which is now under investigation by Britain's Charity Commission -was founded by members of the Bin Mahfouz family, one of Saudi Arabia's most prominent clans.
It has emerged, too, that a director of the IDF is also on the board of an Arab investment company that was refuelling the American warship USS Cole last year when it was attacked in Yemen on the orders of Bin Laden. The company was cleared of any involvement.
The alleged links between the Bin Mahfouz family, which has an estimated fortune of Pounds 2.5 billion, and the Bin Laden money network will be a severe embarrassment to the Saudi rulers.
The IDF charity, based in Curzon Street, central London, was named publicly last week in a French parliamentary report as having "points of contact" with Bin Laden's organisation.
The report also stated that a subsidiary of Sedco, a Bin Mahfouz family company based in Saudi Arabia, was "suspected by the US of having made donations to Osama Bin Laden".
According to records filed with the Charity Commission last year, the directors of the IDF include Abdelelah, Saleh, Mohammed and Ahmed Bin Mahfouz. Their listed address is the Sedco headquarters in Saudi Arabia.
The Bin Mahfouz family is one of the most successful trading clans in the Middle East.
The allegations against the IDF and the Sedco subsidiary, which are all strongly denied by the family, come as Saudi Arabia is confronted by growing criticism that its companies and charities may have provided, knowingly or unwittingly, funding for Bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network.
An intelligence report published as an annex to a French parliamentary report last week named more than 40 organisations registered in Britain with possible links to Bin Laden, including the IDF.
Khalid Bin Mahfouz, the former president of the National Commercial Bank in Saudi Arabia, is believed to be under investigation in Saudi Arabia after allegations that he channelled money to Bin Laden.
Other members of the family involved in Sedco say they are no longer connected to Khalid Bin Mahfouz and do not in any way support Bin Laden. "The Bin Mahfouzes are a very, very established family and Osama Bin Laden is anathema to them," said one source close to the family.
Two imprisoned men, separated by half a planet and what amounts to a royal fortune, may hold the key to unlocking the secret of how Osama bin Laden finances his global terrorist network. But both are staying stone silent.
Khalid al-Fawwaz is an otherwise undistinguished former Nairobi car importer who lived in a nondescript London apartment and ran an obscure war relief group called the Advice and Reformation Committee (ARC) in London.
Now being held in Britain's maximum-security Belmarsh prison, he faces criminal charges in the United States for
abetting the 1998 terrorist bombings of embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed or wounded nearly 4,800 people.
Khalid bin Mahfouz is a controversial, Yemeni-born tycoon worth an estimated $2.5 billion U.S.
He founded and ran the world's largest private bank until 1999, when the Saudi royal family quietly arranged for a government investment fund to buy out his 50-per-cent stake in the National Commercial Bank, then forced his dismissal.
After a financial audit of the bank's $21-billion assets, Mr. Mahfouz was confined to a military hospital in Taef, Saudi Arabia. Some $2 billion has been reported missing. One of his sisters is married to Mr. bin Laden.
U.S. intelligence services want to know if some of that missing money went to phoney charities secretly funneling money to Mr. bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization, including:
- The London-based Advice and Reformation Committee, run by Mr. Fawwaz and founded by Mr. bin Laden;
- An Africa aid group called Blessed Relief, whose directors included Mr. Mahfouz's son;
- A Kenya branch of Help Africa People, run by several men later convicted or indicted for the U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania;
- The International Islamic Relief Organization, linked to terrorist bomb plots in the Philippines and India;
- The Kenya branch of war and famine relief group Mercy International, where key evidence used to convict the embassy bombers was found;
- A host of other Islamic aid groups working from Afghanistan to Kosovo, some of which were named by U.S. President George W. Bush earlier this week.
U.S. efforts to follow the bin Laden money trail also include searching the worldwide assets of dozens of banks, businesses and ventures in the secretive Mahfouz commercial empire.
It is no easy task. The Mahfouz family still owns a 30-per-cent stake in the National Commercial Bank, and controls worldwide assets through a private holding company called Al Murjan. [One of its assets is Globalstar LP, which has licences for satellite broadcasts in eight Middle Eastern countries.
Some of the Mahfouz wealth is interlocked with another Saudi sheik and billionaire, Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi, who has since been appointed to run the private bank Mr. Mahfouz founded. Its clients include much of the Saudi royal family.
The Mahfouz/Al-Amoudi joint ventures include the port facilities in Yemen where the USS Cole was bombed by Islamic militants while it refueled, an alleged chemical weapons plant in Kenya that former U.S. president Bill Clinton ordered destroyed by missiles, and a Washington-based private company called WorldSpace, which provides satellite-based technology and programming to rural Africa and Asia.
Mr. Mahfouz is no stranger to missing money -- or controversy. He is a former director of the infamous BCCI international bank, which triggered a $12-billion U.S. bankruptcy scandal in the early 1990s.
Indicted in the U.S. for a $300-million bank fraud and facing civil claims exceeding $10 billion, he arranged a $225-million settlement with prosecutors and agreed to a permanent prohibition on owning banks in the U.S.
[quote]Mr. Mahfouz was also embroiled in a citizenship-for-sale scheme in Ireland, in which foreign millionaires were secretly courted to invest in Irish enterprises in exchange for coveted Irish passports and lucrative tax writeoffs.[/quote] Mr. Mahfouz purchased 11 passports for Saudi and Pakistani nationals, but failed to make the promised investments.
Is there a connection between Mr. bin Laden and the two far-flung prisoners?
U.S. court records -- especially evidence entered by British detectives who raided Mr. Fawwaz's apartment and the ARC office on London's Beethoven Street in 1998 -- leave little doubt that Mr. Fawwaz worked for Mr. bin Laden and personally knew those who were later convicted of the African embassy bombings.
Seized computer hard drives revealed fiercely anti-American "holy war" edicts from Mr. bin Laden, to be relayed to European Muslims through the ARC "charity." A seized copy of the ARC founding documents bore Mr. bin Laden's signature.
Wiretap evidence, satellite-phone and fax records confirmed that calls were made to or from the now-convicted African embassy bombers and Mr. bin Laden's military lieutenant in Pakistan, Mohammed Atef (who is charged with Mr. bin Laden in the African embassy bombings). Seized bank records showed that Mr. Fawwaz held the signing authority for a Barclay's account for ARC.
[quote]The U.S. court records, and testimony from former bin Laden insiders, also indicate that Mr. Fawwaz purchased mobile phone technology that Mr. bin Laden or his aides used to make 140 calls to London and the Kenya bomb group from Afghanistan. [/quote]
Seizures in Nairobi turned up phone bills for Mercy International in Mr. Fawwaz's name, and calls to that office from Mr. bin Laden's satellite phone. Much of the evidence used to convict four of the embassy bomb plotters in a later U.S. trial was found at the charity's Kenya office.
A former Mercy International staffer in Ireland, Hamid Aich, had earlier shared a Vancouver suburb apartment for three years with Abdelmajid Dahoumane, the accused accomplice of convicted millennium bomb plotter Ahmed Ressam.
(Mr. Ressam, part of an Algerian bin Laden cell based in Montreal, has testified that he and Mr. Dahoumane concocted bomb ingredients to blow up the Los Angeles airport at a Vancouver motel in December, 1999.)
Mr. Ressam was caught at the U.S. border with the explosives in his car trunk, and convicted after a U.S. trial this year. Mr. Dahoumane fled Canada, facing criminal warrants here and in the U.S. He is believed to be in Afghanistan. Mr. Aich was arrested in Ireland, but released before police realized his connection to the Canadian-based Algerians. His whereabouts is unknown.
Mr. Fawwaz has denied any involvement in the terrorist bombings linked to Mr. bin Laden, and is fighting extradition from Britain to the United States. The evidence being used to support his transfer to the U.S. has not been tested at trial.
The U.S. has not filed any indictments against Mr. Mahfouz, and there is no public evidence linking him to any of the terrorist attacks against U.S. targets. However, the Saudi royal family restricted his travel last year after U.S. officials shared financial evidence gleaned from investigations following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and subsequent terrorist attacks against the USS Cole, U.S. military barracks near Riyadh, and the African embassies,
a failed 1996 plot to bomb 12 airliners over the Pacific, and a failed plot to bomb U.S. consular offices in India.
American officials had earlier convinced governments in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, and Britain to close bank accounts they had linked to Mr. bin Laden.millions to fund Islamic charities that acted as fronts for Mr. bin Laden.
U.S. press reports have disclosed that some wealthy Persian Gulf businessmen also were being "tithed" -- or bribed --
One Associated Press report estimated the donations at $50 million, and another reported that even Saudi pension funds were being routed to the phony charities.
According to Indian police, a Bangladeshi man caught with explosives destined for U.S. consulates in India confessed to being a former worker for the
International Islamic Relief Organization, and said the IIRO president had personally attended a meeting to plan the bomb attacks.
The Philippines chapter of the IIRO was formerly headed by Mr. bin Laden's brother-in-law, and was fingered as a front for Mr. bin Laden by a man later convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombings.
Mr. Mahfouz's son was on the board of Blessed Relief in Sudan, a group reportedly linked to the 1995 attempted assassination of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in Ethiopia.
A Lebanese-born U.S. citizen based in Kenya, later convicted of aiding the African embassy bombings, testified that he began working for the bin Laden network after being recruited for the Islamic relief agency Al Kifa by al-Qaeda military boss Mohammed Atef.
He later served as a senior business aide to Mr. bin Laden in Sudan, then through Kenya-based groups that combined legitimate aid work and covert al-Qaeda business, such as preparing false passports, masking travel by bomb plotters, and exchanging money and reports with the bin Laden group in Afghanistan. Some of the convicted or at-large indicted bombers had previously worked for Help Africa People.
Mr. Mahfouz was a major investor with sheik Al-Amoudi in the $100-million El Shifa pharmaceutical plant in Kenya, which was destroyed by U.S. missiles weeks after the embassies were bombed. The Clinton administration claimed the CIA had earlier detected bomb ingredients in the soil nearby. Yet subsequent lab tests and court actions leave little doubt the El Shifa plant was producing only human and veterinary drugs.
The nominal owner, now based in London and a long-time accountant to Mr. Mahfouz, later sued the U.S. government, which quietly settled the case and unfroze his assets in the United States.
The U.S. counter-strike against the El Shifa plant was almost certainly aimed at an innocent target. A simultaneous U.S. cruise missile barrage aimed at Mr. bin Laden himself in his Afghan hideout missed its intended target.
Those retaliatory strikes enraged many in the Muslim world, and may have prompted covert donations to the bin Laden cause from some of the Persian Gulf's wealthy businessmen. They also drew the wrath of military governments in countries like Yemen, Sudan and Ethiopia, where the Mahfouz/Al-Amoudi group often gets preferential projects.
One example is the multibillion-dollar project to modernize the shipping facilities in the Yemeni capital of Aden, completed a year before the USS Cole was hit there by a suicide barge. The lead investor and builder was the Mahfouz/Al-Amoudi Group, through their companies Yeminvest and Yemen Holdings Ltd.
Mr. Mahfouz and Mr. bin Laden were both born in Yemen, and are revered by many Yemenis. A U.S. probe into the terrorist attack there has been stymied by the Yemeni government, which openly supports a "holy war" against the U.S., and has vowed to provide sanctuary for jihad militants.
The story line has been that all of Ken Lay’s millions couldn’t buy George W. Bush. For that reason, Enron has been called a financial scandal, not a political scandal.
Growing evidence, however, shows that this Bush-can’t-be-bought story line isn’t true.
It is now clear that prior to Nov. 8, when the Securities and Exchange Commission delivered subpoenas to Enron,Enron desperately needed that money to prevent the exposure of mounting losses hidden in off-the-books partnerships, a bookkeeping black hole that was sucking Enron toward bankruptcy.
the Bush administration did what it could to help Enron replenish its coffers with billions of dollars.
As Enron’s crisis worsened through the first nine months of the Bush presidency, Ken Lay got Bush’s help in three principal ways:
--Bush personally joined the fight against imposing caps on the soaring price of electricity in California at a time when Enron was artificially driving up the price of electricity by manipulating supply.
Bush’s rear-guard action against price caps bought Enron and other energy traders extra time to gouge hundreds of millions of dollars from California’s consumers.
--Bush granted Lay broad influence over the administration’s energy policies, including the choice of key regulators to oversee Enron’s businesses. The chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was suddenly replaced in 2001 after he began to delve into Enron’s complex derivative-financing schemes.
which wanted to sell its generating plant in Dabhol, India, for $2.3 billion. Bush administration pressure on India over the Dabhol plant continued even after Sept. 11, when India’s support was needed for the war on terrorism. The administration’s threats against India on Enron’s behalf didn’t stop until Nov. 8.
--Bush had his National Security Council staff organize an administration-wide campaign to pressure the Indian government to accommodate Enron,
On Nov. 8, Enron disclosed the formal SEC investigation and admittedwith losses hidden in off-the-books partnerships run by Enron’s Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow. Over the next four weeks, Enron stumbled toward its bankruptcy filing on Dec. 2.
overstating earnings by $586 million
When the corporate wreckage was complete, the toll was devastating.and 5,000 Enron employees were laid off. Beyond that, Enron’s accounting tricks discredited its accounting firm, Arthur Andersen LLP, and sent shock waves through U.S. securities markets.
Investors lost tens of billions of dollars; retirees were left nearly penniless;
As the accounting scandal provoked disgust across the country and across party lines, the White House sought to minimize its relationship with Enron. In spite of a personal acquaintance best symbolized by Bush’s nickname for "Kenny Boy," Bush began to act as if he barely knew Lay. On Jan. 11, Bush told reporters that Lay "was a supporter of Ann Richards in my run in 1994," implying that he had gotten to know Lay as Gov. Richards’ holdover appointee to a Texas business council.
Striking a note in personal disapproval, Bush said his sympathies rested with laid-off Enron employees and small Enron investors who saw their life savings wiped out. Bush said his own mother-in-law lost $8,000 when Enron collapsed.
The administration’s basic line of defense was that it did nothing to bail out Enron. Exhibit One in this argument was the fact that the administration took no substantial action to help Enron after Lay sounded out senior Bush officials in late October by placing calls to Commerce Secretary Donald Evans and Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill.
By late October, however, it could also be argued that Enron’s troubles were too advanced – and the public spotlight too intense – for the administration to launch a rescue mission. News of Enron’s financial difficulties already was spreading through the business press and the SEC had started to investigate.
In fact, the record shows that, in spite of the risk, the Treasury Department did respond to Lay’s call for help. The New York Times reported that Secretary O’Neill instructed Under Secretary for Domestic Finance Peter Fisher to "look into the condition of Enron." Fisher responded by following up with Enron President Greg Whalley, speaking with him "six to eight times" over a few day period in late October and early November. After the conversations, perhaps recognizing the political peril, Treasury decided against further support. [NYT, 1/13/02]
Treasury’s efforts on Enron’s behalf in late October were not unusual for the Bush administration. Far from doing nothing to help Enron, news accounts and newly released documentary evidence show that that prior to Enron’s death spiral, the young Bush administration did what it could to support Enron’s business interests.
Enron’s Troubles
The Houston-based energy trader’s financial mess can be traced back at least to 2000 when the long-running stock market boom ended.
During the boom, Enron had soared through the list of Fortune 500 companies to a perch at No. 7. A leader of the so-called New Economy, Enron expanded beyond its core business interests in natural gas pipelines, branching out into complex commodity trading, which included electricity, broadband capacity and other ethereal items, such as weather futures. It had investments in smaller companies that operated in areas where Enron traded.
The bursting of the dot-com bubble in March 2000 and the collapse of the telecommunications sector put pressure on Enron as it did many other companies. Even though Enron’s own stock held strong, hitting an all-time high of $90 on Aug. 17, 2000, the tumbling market, combined with some risky overseas energy projects, left Enron with a host of poor-performing assets that were a drag on the company’s growth.
To protect its image as a darling of Wall Street – and to prop up its stock value –supposedly to limit Enron’s potential losses from equity investments, but some were themselves backed by Enron stock, creating the possibility of a spiraling decline if investors lost faith in Enron.
Enron began shifting more of its losing operations into off-the-books partnerships given names like Raptor and Chewco. Hedges were set up,
Their Man Bush
Still, Enron saw a silver lining in the darkening economic clouds of 2000. If George W. Bush could secure the presidency, Enron would have a reliable ally for its deregulatory plans at the top of the U.S. government. With Bush would come other allies who could staff key positions in the federal bureaucracy.
Lay had reasons for optimism about his ties to Bush. Having backed Bush’s father and the son’s gubernatorial run in 1994, Lay was an insider’s insider. For the 2000 campaign, he was a Pioneer for Bush, raising $100,000. Enron also gave the Republicans $250,000 for the convention in Philadelphia and contributed $1.1 million in soft money to the Republican Party, more than twice what it contributed to Democrats.
The contributions dwarfed what was at stake for Enron.
In its energy trading in California alone, Enron stood to earn tens of billions of dollars.
Around the start of the 2000 general election campaign, the first signs of suspicions also arose that
Enron was trying to gain windfall profits by manipulating the California energy market.
In August 2000, an employee with Southern California Edison sent the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) a memo, entitled "California Electricity Markets: Issues for Examination." The memo expressed concerns that
Enron and other electricity providers to California’s deregulated energy market were gaming the system by cutting off supply and creating phony congestion in the electricity grid to run up energy prices. [Energy Daily, May 16, 2002]
By December 2000, even while FERC was piecing together a strategy for dealing with the California crisis, recently released documents now show that Enron lawyers were exchanging letters about conducting just those kinds of schemes.
[quote]With strategies dubbed "Fat Boy," "Death Star," and "Get Shorty," Enron was siphoning electricity away from areas that needed it most while getting paid for phantom transfers of energy supposedly to relieve transmission-line congestion. [See Washington Post, May 7, 2002][/quote]
That same month, Bush nailed down his presidential victory, getting five Republicans on the U.S. Supreme Court to halt vote counting in Florida. Lay and his wife lent a hand there, too, donating $10,000 to Bush’s Florida recount fund that helped pay the Republican lawyers and other operatives who ensured that a full recount of Florida’s ballots never occurred.
[quote]With Bush’s victory secured, another $300,000 poured in from Enron circles for the Bush-Cheney Inaugural Fund. The company, then-Chief Operating Officer Jeffrey Skilling and Lay each kicked in $100,000.[/quote]
An Energy Plan
A grateful Bush gave Lay a major voice in shaping energy policy and picking personnel. Starting in late February 2001,
Lay and other Enron officials took part in at least a half dozen secret meetings to develop the Bush's energy plan.
After one of the Enron meetings, Vice President Dick Cheney's energy task force changed a draft energy proposal to include a provision to boost oil and natural gas production in India. The amendment was so narrow that it apparently was targeted only to help Enron's troubled Dabhol power plant in India. [Washington Post, Jan. 26, 2002]
Other parts of the Bush energy plan tracked closely to recommendations from Enron officials.
Seventeen of the energy plan’s proposals were sought by and benefited Enron, according to Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Calif., ranking minority member on the House Government Reform Committee. One proposal called for repeal of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, which limits the activities of utilities and hindered Enron’s potential for acquisitions.
Besides listening to Lay's advice, Bush put the corporation's allies inside the federal government. Two top administration officials, Lawrence Lindsey, the White House’s chief economic adviser, and Robert Zoellick, the U.S. Trade Representative, both worked for Enron, Lindsey as a consultant and Zoellick as a paid member of Enron's advisory board.
White had run a key subsidiary, Enron Energy Services, which is now the focus of allegations about accounting irregularities.
Bush also named Thomas E. White Jr., an 11-year veteran of Enron's corporate suites, to be secretary of the Army.
At least 14 administration officials owned stock in Enron, with Undersecretary of State Charlotte Beers and chief political adviser Karl Rove each reporting up to $250,000 worth of Enron stock when they joined the administration.
FERC Concerns
Lay exerted his influence, too, over government regulators already in place. Curtis Hebert Jr., a conservative Republican and a close political ally of Sen. Trent Lott of Mississippi, had been appointed to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission during the Clinton administration. Like Bush and Lay, Hebert was a promoter of "free markets." Bush elevated Hebert to FERC chairman in January 2001.
While a strong believer in deregulation, Hebert broke ranks with Lay on two key points. Hebert was an advocate of state rights, an obstacle to Enron's desire for FERC to mandate consolidation of state utilities into four giant regional transmission organizations, or RTOs. By quickly pushing the states into RTOs, Enron and other big energy traders would have much larger markets for their energy sales.
Hebert told the New York Times that he got a call from Lay with a proposed deal. Lay wanted Hebert to support a faster transition to a national retailing structure for electricity. If he did, Enron would back him, so he could keep his job.
The FERC chairman said he was "offended" by the veiled threat. He understood that Lay's political influence could put his job in jeopardy, since Bush held the power to appoint FERC chairmen and Lay had demonstrated sway over selection of administration appointees. Besides supplying Bush aides with a list of preferred candidates, Lay had personally interviewed one possible FERC nominee.
Lay offered a different account of the phone call. He said Hebert was the one "requesting" Enron's support at the White House, though Lay acknowledged that the pair "very possibly" discussed issues involving FERC's authority over the nation's electricity grids.
Lay also had reason to be suspicious of Hebert’s interest in the complex derivative financing instruments that he saw among the leading energy traders, including Enron. After he became chairman, Hebert started an investigation into how these deals worked. "One of our problems is that we do not have the expertise to truly unravel the complex arbitrage activities of a company like Enron," Hebert said. "We're trying to do it now, and we may have some results soon."