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Books in Mayan hieroglyphic writing that survived the Spanish conquest. They are made of fig-bark paper folded like an accordion, with covers of jaguar skin. Though most Mayan books were destroyed as pagan by Spanish priests, four are known to have survived: the Dresden Codex, probably dating from the 11th or 12th century, a copy of earlier texts of the 5th–9th century; the Madrid Codex, dating from the 15th century; the Paris Codex, slightly older than the Madrid Codex; and the Grolier Codex, discovered in 1971 and dated to the 13th century. They deal with astronomical calculations, divination, and ritual.
(pg. 603, 5th ed)
Although tests indicate that the paper is pre-Columbian, the authenticity of the Grolier Codex is doubted by some scholars, who feel that the style of the pictures are incorrect, who point out that caches of blank pre-Columbian paper have been found in dry Mexican caves and are presumably available to forgers. Whether authentic or not, the Grolier Codex deals entirely w/ Venus almanacs in a simplistic fashion, adding almost no new information to the sophisticated treatment of Venus in the Dresden Codex.
While the other three codices were known to scholars since the 19th century, the Grolier Codex only surfaced in the 1970s. This fourth Maya codex was said to have been found in a cave, but the question of its authenticity has still not been resolved to everybody's satisfaction. The codex is really a fragment of 11 pages. It is currently in a museum in Mexico, but is not on display to the public. Scanned photos of it are available on the web. The pages are much less detailed than any of the other codices. Each page shows a hero or god, facing to the left. At the top of each page is a number. Down the left of each page are what appears to be a list of dates.
Their observations and calculations were undertaken, and in due course refined, so as to better predict the events on Earth that these deities were believed to control. There is no evidence that the ancient Maya understood these movements as Kepler and Copernicus did.
(pg. 531, 5th ed)
Another reptilian deity, the fethered serpent Kukulcan, may be but another aspect of Itzamna. Kuklcn was especially prominent in the Postclassic period, in keeping w/ his strong ideology of Mexican ideology. In Mexico, the feathered serpent, known by his Nahuatl name, Quetzalcoatl, was the supernatural patron of rulers. Study has shown, that part of the birthdate recorded in Palengue's Temple of the Cross, 9 Ik, corresponds to an alternative name for Qutzctl -- 9 Wind.
Archaeologist Fred Valdez, director of the Mesoamerican Archaeological Lab at UT Austin, had the answer: an enormous pyramid in the third-largest Mayan city in Belize. The city is in an area in northwestern Belize known as La Milpa, which was home to one of the densest populations of Maya from as early as 1000 B.C. until around A.D. 850. The area was packed with four large cities, each with 20,000 or more residents, that were only around 8 to 12 kilometers apart with 60 or more towns, villages, and hamlets in between. Valdez believes there is much to be learned from the society that existed there.
"The amazing part is how close how many of these large cities are to each other," he said. "The Maya were clearly expert at adapting to their environment and exploiting their environment, clearly making better use of things than we are today, just to support the populations that were there..."
Another team of scientists may be just months away from using muons to image the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán, Mexico, in a quest to learn why the pyramid was built. And if burial chambers such as those found in the nearby Pyramid of the Moon are discovered, they could reveal whether the society was ruled by a single person or a government of several leaders.