P.H.A vs. P.H.O

Greetings,
I recently ran across an older thread on here, asking the difference between P.H.A & P.H.O Masonry. As I am the only P.H.A Mason on here (to my knowledge) I felt compelled to respond. As most know Prince Hall Freemasonry is the ONLY legitimate Freemasonry amongst men of African descent in America. Legitimate meaning that we (P.H.A) can trace our origins back to The U.G.L.E and are still working under the original charter (in possesion of African Lodge #1, located in Boston, Mass). P.H.O is a spurious, clandestine organization of men who were EXPELLED from P.H.A in the 1960's for selling degrees and violating other landmarks. They have since set themselves up as independent grand lodges despite having no charter or dispensation from some legitimate grand body empowering them to work. The ONLY Grand Lodge under the jurisdiction of P.H.A that does not bear the title of Prince Hall is The Stringer Grand Lodge of The State of Mississippi. Named after a stalwart in Prince Hall masonry in the State of Mississippi, this is still a legitimate and recognized Prince Hall Grand Lodge. Any Black man claiming to be a P.H.O mason or an International Mason (emblem is a square, compass, G supported by a key) is spurious, clandestine, illegitimate and in accordance with Masonic ritual and Law is not to be engaged in any sort of Masonic conversations

Thanks for the insight PrinceHall06, I had never heard of the P.H.O.

PrinceHall06,

Thanks for the heads-up about PHO. Having been to a Prince Hall Lodge for the first time only relatively recently, I must give honours where it's due. As a member of the GRC, the behaviour and degree of involvement of the brethren of the Prince Hall Lodge I visited impressed me no end. Were the anti-Masons on ATS to look at the behaviour of PH Masons, I would suggest that they'd scurry for the hole from which they eminated.

Keep up the good work

Gentlemen,

I thank you for the gracious replies, as this point I do not have enough ATS points to generate or answer u2u's, I will be more than happy to answer any queries regardin P.H.A in my replies. Also, good sources of information regarding P.H.A are books by Joseph A. Wlkes, Jr. Two that readily come to mind are ; Black Square and Compass, A History of Prince Hall Freemasonry and A Prince Hall Masonic Quiz Book. You can also do a web search and check out The Phylaxsis Society, which is the Prince Hall counterpart of The Philalethes Society....

P.O.T.S

Originally posted by PrinceHall06
Greetings,
I recently ran across an older thread on here, asking the difference between P.H.A & P.H.O Masonry. As I am the only P.H.A Mason on here (to my knowledge) I felt compelled to respond. As most know Prince Hall Freemasonry is the ONLY legitimate Freemasonry amongst men of African descent in America. Legitimate meaning that we (P.H.A) can trace our origins back to The U.G.L.E and are still working under the original charter (in possesion of African Lodge #1, located in Boston, Mass). P.H.O is a spurious, clandestine organization of men who were EXPELLED from P.H.A in the 1960's for selling degrees and violating other landmarks. They have since set themselves up as independent grand lodges despite having no charter or dispensation from some legitimate grand body empowering them to work. The ONLY Grand Lodge under the jurisdiction of P.H.A that does not bear the title of Prince Hall is The Stringer Grand Lodge of The State of Mississippi. Named after a stalwart in Prince Hall masonry in the State of Mississippi, this is still a legitimate and recognized Prince Hall Grand Lodge. Any Black man claiming to be a P.H.O mason or an International Mason (emblem is a square, compass, G supported by a key) is spurious, clandestine, illegitimate and in accordance with Masonic ritual and Law is not to be engaged in any sort of Masonic conversations

Thanks for the info Brother.

Not a problem, I didnt begin to touch on the other clandestine/bogus groups. These groups are like the bastard offspring of Masonic Racism.....Black and White !!

Originally posted by PrinceHall06
Greetings,
I recently ran across an older thread on here, asking the difference between P.H.A & P.H.O Masonry. As I am the only P.H.A Mason on here (to my knowledge) I felt compelled to respond. As most know Prince Hall Freemasonry is the ONLY legitimate Freemasonry amongst men of African descent in America. Legitimate meaning that we (P.H.A) can trace our origins back to The U.G.L.E and are still working under the original charter (in possesion of African Lodge #1, located in Boston, Mass). P.H.O is a spurious, clandestine organization of men who were EXPELLED from P.H.A in the 1960's for selling degrees and violating other landmarks. They have since set themselves up as independent grand lodges despite having no charter or dispensation from some legitimate grand body empowering them to work. The ONLY Grand Lodge under the jurisdiction of P.H.A that does not bear the title of Prince Hall is The Stringer Grand Lodge of The State of Mississippi. Named after a stalwart in Prince Hall masonry in the State of Mississippi, this is still a legitimate and recognized Prince Hall Grand Lodge. Any Black man claiming to be a P.H.O mason or an International Mason (emblem is a square, compass, G supported by a key) is spurious, clandestine, illegitimate and in accordance with Masonic ritual and Law is not to be engaged in any sort of Masonic conversations

That might have been from a thread I started a while ago. Thanks for taking the time to respond. I have been doing alot of reading on Freemasonry and was confused about what distinguished the two. Thanks again!

Thank you for your post. I have a few questions. PHO is this the group(s) that attach the words "National Compact" to the front part of thier legal name? I came across a website of a NC GL in California and they made extra sure to exclaim thier "legality." Also, what about PH lodges who claim to be of scottish rite decent, are they bogus? Finally I read someplace that there are aprox. 30 groups claiming to be PHA or an offshoot but are not legit.

Yes, those national Compact guys are P.H.O and they fall under the jurisdiction of a supposed National Compact Body with a National Grand Master, again they are not Prince Hall and are bogus. The only thing "National" about anything related to Prince Hall and Its affiliates is The National Conference of Grand Masters whic is basically a convention that is held every two years in which the Prince Hall Grand Masters of every jurisdiction (state) come toghether and discuss the state of the order, that and The Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order of The Nobles of The Mystic Shrine. Now, as for the supposed "Scottish"rite masons, they are in no way actually practitioners of the Eccosais Degrees or legitimate Freemasons, they are a group of clandestine, bogus Masons who were expelled from Prince Hall Masonry for Conduct unbecoming a Freemason and started their own organization and titled it The Scottish Rite, however they only work the Blue Lodge degrees. This often times leads to confusion amongst the more uninformed members of the craft (Prince Hall), for example if a man states that he holds the Scottish Rite many are often times put in the mind set that he is clandestine. In Prince Hall Masonry you will find that most brothers will refuse to speak on Masonry unless you go "mine for yours", which simply means to exchange "traveling cards" or dues cards, the cards are then examined to see if your dues are paid, if you are indeed from a Prince Hall Lodge and that the card is embossed with the seal of the Grand Lodge, if not prepare to be denied, this is simplydue to the inordinate amount of Bogus black masons and for the true craftsmen to uphold their oath and obligation of "due trial, strict examination of lawful masonic information". but as NONE of these groups are in possesion of a charter and /or warrant that shows them as descendents of African Lodge # 1 and as such CANNOT trace their lineage back to The United Grand Lodge of England, they are illegitimate, spurious, and clandestine. I have zero tolerance or patience with these bogus groups for two reasons...They have been offerd the opportunity in the past to be "healed" and they refused, Secondly because of their behavior in the public and other unmasonic conduct they serve to further the stereotype that exists in the south of African American Masonry being some sort of minstrel show along the lines of Amos and Andy....."De Loyal orduh ub de knights o de mystik Sea", when nothing could be further from the truth

Originally posted by PrinceHall06
but as NONE of these groups are in possesion of a charter and /or warrant that shows them as descendents of African Lodge # 1 and as such CANNOT trace their lineage back to The United Grand Lodge of England, they are illegitimate, spurious, and clandestine.

Why do Masons claim there is no central authority if a charter from the U.G.L.E. is so important?

Can non-blacks join PHA?

Can non-blacks join PHO?

To my understanding, the "big deal" about the U.G.L.E is that it is the wellspring or Mother Lodge of the world, through the combination of 4 ancient lodges of speculative and operative masons that came together to form one Grand body. So, this being done this is the only legitimate authority that could have given warrants or charters to do Masonic work. However, in The United States there is NO central governing body, all State Grand Lodges are autonomous in their own jurisdictions.

Yes, non-blacks can join Prince Hall masonry, I have known more thatn a few white, hipanic, and asian Prince Hall masons. A long as they are of men of legal age, profess a belief in a Supreme Being and believe in the brotherhood of man under the fatherhood of god.

As, P.H.O is a spurious, clandestine bogus entity I have no knowledge of their workings

Originally posted by ConspiracyNut23
Why do Masons claim there is no central authority if a charter from the U.G.L.E. is so important?

Good question.

As has been stated, legitimacy of origin is one of the identifiers of legitimate masonry. In practical terms this means a traceable descent from one of either:

Grand Lodge of England (Moderns)
Grand Lodge of All England (Ancients)
United Grand Lodge of England (union of the previous two)
Grand Lodge of Scotland
Grand Lodge of Ireland

UGLE, GLoS and GLI are often referred to as the 'Mother Grand Lodges', but rather confusingly people tend to just refer to UGLE (as the oldest). All three tend to work very closely together with regards to recognition issues.

This does not obviate the fact that, once chartered, a Grand Lodge is entirely sovereign and independent. In a similar way, once a former colony of Great Britain became independent it ran its own affairs (with varying degrees of success) but it generally maintained historical ties and relationships with the former colonial power.

Hope that makes sense.

How extensive are these spurious PHO Grand Lodges?

Thanks for the info SQUARE. I'm a PHA Mason from the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Louisiana and I attend college in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Baton Rouge is about an hour from New Orleans. On a couple of occasions, my lodge brothers and I ran across some PHO Masons from New Orleans. I had never heard of PHO before until then. My father and grandfather are AF&AM, but my brother, my cousin, and I are F&AM. We respect each other as Masons, but we hold Masonic Intercourse to a minimum because we know our rituals are slightly different. I had even heard of MF&AM too, but never PHO. I will make sure that I spread the word to my bruhs. Now don't get me wrong, I'll still respect PHO as Masons, but I won't have ANY Masonic Intercourse with them nor give them ANY tokens. I also wanted to let you know that you are ABSOLUTELY RIGHT about Stringer Grand Lodge in Mississippi. Our lodge has a very close relationship with the bruhs at Jackson State University. They are VERY legit. Once again, thanks for the info and travel LIGHT!!!

I would like to ask my PHA Brother Masons what they think of this article ?

www.hariam.org...

GReetings Bros,
I have been out of town and thus unable to respond to the board, but now I am back. In regards to the link sent by RWPBR, i cannot follow the link.....I dont know why, but I will try again later and post if I am able to. To the bro in La, keep traveling....these cats out here in these strange lodges are a different breed !!
Yeah, I have met plenty of good Bro from J-State

I would like to enlighten you Brothers to a little history. I started to read w. This is just a small history of Black Masons in America. Feel free to ask any question after this post.

History of F. & A.A. York Rite

National Grand Lodge



The National Grand Lodge was authentically established, and started out on her mission of beneficent uplift work among our people of color on June 24, 1847 in Boston, Massachusetts.

By the power and authority of the National Grand Lodge invested, grand lodges and subordinate lodges were constituted by warrant in the following States: Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, Grand Lodge of New York, Grand Lodge of New Jersey, Grand Lodge of Maryland, Grand Lodge of Ohio, Grand Lodge of Indiana, Grand Lodge of Michigan, Grand Lodge of Illinois, Grand Lodge of Kentucky, Grand Lodge of Nebraska, Grand Lodge of Colorado and Wyoming, Territory Grand Lodge of California, Grand Lodge of Arkansas, Grand Lodge of Virginia, Grand Lodge of Tennessee, Grand Lodge of Mississippi, Grand Lodge of Texas, Grand Lodge of Georgia, Grand Lodge of Louisiana, Grand Lodge of North Carolina, Grand Lodge of South Carolina, Grand Lodge of Florida.

LEGITIMATE AND LEGAL NEGRO MASONS: From African Lodge #459, Boston, Massachusetts other Lodges were formed until there were enough Lodges to form a Grand Lodge in this State. Pennsylvania and New York also set up Lodges in their states. In 1847 the various grand lodges elected delegates and sent them to Boston for the purpose of organizing a National Grand Lodge under a National Compact and an Agreement of Sentiments. The National Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons (Colored) for the United States of America was constituted. All of the Lodges surrendered their warrants and were IN FACT re-warranted by the National Grand Lodge under the first National Grand Master, John T. Hilton. A National Constitution and by-laws were drawn up to govern this body of colored York Rite Masons. Thus, to be a LEGITIMATE and LEGALLY constituted body of Colored Masons, the Masonic Body must be FREE AND ACCEPTED ANCIENT YORK RITE, PRINCE HALL ORIGIN NATIONAL COMPACT.

PRINCE HALL ORIGIN: The name Prince Hall being associated with a Grand Lodge resulted from a Grand Warrant issued by the National Masons (Colored), to the Prince Hall Grand Lodge in Boston, Mass. in 1848; one year after the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons (Colored), to the Prince Hall Grand Lodge in Boston, Mass. It was on April 28, 1848 that the National Grand Lodge presented the Old African Grand Lodge of Boston a new State warrant under the name Prince Hall Grand Lodge. In most of the early States the warrants and charters for constituting a Grand Lodge were granted by the National Grand Lodge. From 1848 to 1888 the National Grand Lodge issued nearly all of the Warrants and Charters for Grand Lodges. Around 1863 there came dissension and disagreement among the members of the National Grand Lodge and some of the delegates walked out. From the group that left the National Grand Lodge, charters were secured by them to practice masonry under the sanction of the State. This group later took the name Prince Hall Masons, who are often referred to as "State Rite" Masons.

COLORED YORK RITE: The word "York" used in connection with Colored Masonry frequently raises a question in the minds of some and is challenged by others. Ancient York Masonry is the oldest and the mother of all Masonry. Its origin dates back 4000 years before Christ to the rime of Noah and the Flood. York Masonry was the mother of all National Grand Lodges. If the Grand Lodge of England could organize a constitutional body then the organization of a National Grand Lodge under Grand Master John T. Hilton was no new innovation; nor did it violate any of the Ancient Land Marks of Freemasonry.

NATIONAL COMPACT: Some critics of Colored York Masonry attack the word "Compact" used in connection with our title. They say the word compact has no relation whatsoever with Masonry. To those who make such a charge, let it be made clear that "Compact" in our Masonic title stands in same relation as the word "Affiliation" or "Auxiliary" in others. God the Father, The Son, and The Holy Ghost formed a Compact in the creation of the world. Throughout the Biblical Scripture references are made to Men dwelling in UNITY and joined together in a Compact Body that they might do the work of their Father in Heaven. In the true tradition of York Masons, the only Christian route of masonry, following the Principles and Practices of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, a "COMPACT" of AGREEMENTS and SENTIMENTS.



Back to home

Again I'm reading all the time. Here is some more for true Brothers to chew on.

Rivista di Massoneria - Revue de Franc-Maçonnerie - Revista de Masonerìa - Revista de Maçonaria
History Literature Music Art Architecture Documents Rituals Symbolism

Alton G. Roundtree
Paul M. Bessel
OUT OF THE SHADOWS
The Emergence of Prince Hall Freemasonry in America.
Foreword by S.Brent Morris
KLR Publishing, Maryland 2006
xxi + 453 pp
Price, US$29.95
ISBN 0-9772385-0-4

Available from the publisher:
KLR Publishing



Foreword

Freemasonry fascinates me. I've been studying it off and on for nearly 35 years, and I still find it interesting. It is a microcosm of society at large, but with unique features and traditions. One of the things that makes it interesting to me is that many of its details have not yet been discovered.There's plenty of room for research and discovery.

Among the topics needing more research is that of the prominent Revolutionary Freemason, Prince Hall of Boston. He is a man who overcame incredible obstacles to achieve substantial success. He is particularly of interest to Freemasons because of his membersbip in, devotion to, and support of our fraternity. It was through his efforts that African Lodge No.459 received its charter from thepremier Grand Lodge in London and subsequently thrived. African-American Masons can proudly point to Prince Hall as the source of their Masonic traditions, and any Mason can take satisfaction in a Brother who so exemplified and lived the teachings of our Craft.

One of the issues that has swirled around Prince Hall and African Lodge is the question of "regularity." This is a rather technical concept in Freemasonry, but one that goes to the heart ofjust who is and isn't a Mason. It is sad to say, but most of the past questions about the regularity of Prince Hall and bis descendents have been motivated by racism. However, the history of African Lodge is unprecedented and the records sparse enough that there are indeed legitimate questions about just exactly what happened. It is also sad to say, that raising these questions can result in unjustified charges of racism. The question of regularity has been properly settled, and bistorians are now "tidying up" the details before moving on to other aspects of the fraternity.

Alton G Roundtree and Paul M. Bessel have taken on the task of "tidying up" the regularity question, and they have done a great job. Here are the definitions, the issues, and the actions, all detailed as an invaluable resource for future researchers. One of the maddening things for the student of Prince Hall Masonry is the uneven availability of primary documents. Out of the Shadows provides detailed references, so that when a question arises of when or where something was said about Prince Hall regularity, scholars will refer to "Roundtree and Bessel."

One of the very exciting products of this book is its excellent treatment of the National Compact Grand Lodge. For so many years the "party line" was that it went out of existence in 1879 and that "states rights" Prince Hall Grand Lodges resumed the independent existence. While the National Compact Grand Lodge hasn't thrived like the state grand lodges, the report of its death is exaggerated. This raises the interesting issue -perhaps the next round in the "regularity debate" -of the National Compact, directly descended from African Lodge No.459, practicing regular Masonry, and shunned as irregular.

I am very pleased to add this book to my reference volumes. It will be used regularly.

S. Brent Morris
Director of Membership Development Supreme Council 33° SJ, USA
Managing Editor, The Scottish Rite Journal, Supreme Council 33° SJ, USA<

Book-review

The book is a thoroughly-researched reference work on the emergence of Prince Hall Masonry in relation to the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, as well as the society in which both forms of Freemasonry evolved. It is a valuable information resource for interested Masons, Masonic Researchers, and recognition policy makers.

This tome is well-bound, solid, and a joy to use. Its almost 500 pages are densely packed with data in 15 chapters and 16 appendices. There is a seven-page table of contents, a glossary, a short index, and a 17-page bibliography of 300 sources. The authors provide comparatively little commentary, and what there is, is neutral and tactful. The timelines, the lists, the quoted documents, all speak for themselves, clearly, consistently, and forcefully.

(Such a substantial work could be refined with further research, co- ordinating, editing, proof-reading, and updating. But clearly a good book today is better than a perfect one in two years. Many knowledgeable researchers will happily contribute improvements for the second edition.)

Upon opening the book, the reader notices a striking illustration: a map, showing the 38 U.S. States whose mainstream Grand Lodges have voted in favour of Prince Hall Masonry Recognition. The missing region is all below the Mason-Dixon Line, which is also where most Prince Hall Masons live. (Since publication, 2 recognitions have been added: Delaware and Texas.)

In the Introduction we read "from 1775 to 1989, Prince Hall Freemasonry, previously until 1944 called Colored, Negro or Black Freemasonry, was denied recognition by mainstream or predominantly White Freemasonry in America and Canada", and that the term Prince Hall Freemasonry has come to mean Prince Hall Affiliation (PHA). There are today 47 PHA Grand Lodges which comprise the Prince Hall Conference of Grand Masters. They have 150,000 members in 3,500 lodges.

We read that Recognition was accomplished in Washington State in 1898 and Massachusetts in 1947, but both were forced to rescind because of reprisals by the other predominantly White Grand Lodges. The words of censure used by Masonic leaders ranged from undisguised race-based opinions to "Violation of Exclusive Jurisdiction". One Northern Grand Lodge summed up the prevailing sentiment in 1899: "Therefore, to have lodges exclusively of Negroes, would be dangerous to the high character of our Order. And to associate them in lodges with White brethren, would be impossible." In 1965 a Grand Master introduced a constitutional amendment that read: "No Negro or other person of African descent shall ever be admitted to membership in any Lodge. ..."

In Chapter 2 we read that White Masons from the states of Florida, Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas attempted to use the courts to outlaw Prince Hall Masonry. In 1929 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of PHA Grand Lodges to practice Freemasonry. (The Act of Incorporation of the Grand Lodge of Florida stipulates: "Consisting of Masons exclusively of the White race", thus elucidating the meaning of Exclusive Jurisdiction).

One concern to Prince Hall Masonry is the operation of over 245 predominantly Black (not Prince Hall) Grand Lodges in the United States that cannot prove their lineage to African Lodge No.459. This compares with over 70 predominantly White Grand lodges that are irregular, unrecognized, or clandestine. No one seems to have even a rough estimate of their total number of members. It might range from 10,000 to 100,000. (One may wonder to what extent the denial of recognition of Prince Hall Freemasonry by the "mainstream", has empowered opportunists with plenty of material to show to prospective members that PHA is "no good".)

Chapter 4, as well as 7 of the 16 Appendices deal with The National Grand Lodge (NGL), also known as The National Compact. In 1847 the then existing "Negro" Grand Lodges formed the NGL. By 1878, "Independent" State (Grand) Lodges had left the NGL, or formed separately, leaving behind a much reduced NGL. The book gives a detailed account of the history of the NGL, concluding that the NGL was never dissolved, and that its 27 State Grand Lodges, designated "Prince Hall Origin" (PHO), are therefore regular. They have 300 lodges with about 5000 members.

Chapters 5 through 15 cover various aspects of recognition: Objections, Blackball, Writers, Attempts and Repercussions, Influences, Sovereignty, the 1990's, Status Summary by State, and Demographics. 200 pages, packed with events, agreements, regulations, declarations, arguments, statistics, approaches, and analysis. The following issues are addressed:

While some mainstream Grand Lodges have only ever recognized their local PHA Grand Lodge, many others now unilaterally and automatically recognize all Prince Hall Grand Lodges that their local Prince Hall Grand Lodge recognizes.

The American Doctrine of Exclusive Territorial Jurisdiction effectively deprives the majority of Prince Hall Masons of their fraternal relations with perhaps 150 regular Grand Lodges that would welcome them. Thus, the United Grand Lodge of England, which applies this doctrine, will not recognize the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Georgia, which unilaterally recognizes the Grand Lodge of Georgia, because of the latter's continued refusal to recognize the former. Other Grand Lodges, such as the Grand Lodge of Tasmania, disregard this doctrine.

Visitation is much more controlled within the Prince Hall world. There are (almost) no Dual Memberships. Prince Hall Masons seek recognition as a matter of principle, not because they want to visit predominantly White lodges.

U.S. law denies tax-exempt status to social clubs that discriminate by race, sex, and religion. (The book does not address how old Masons, young Masons, foreign Masons, potential Masons, the public, the media, and the courts, today and tomorrow struggle with this issue that so greatly affects the integrity and reputation of Freemasonry. Also not addressed is the widespread lack of complete PHA recognition world-wide, Australia being one notable exception.)

One common thread throughout the book is that for over 200 years Prince Hall Masons have sought to be recognized as genuine, regular Masons. Denial of recognition to regular Masons can only harm the dignity, integrity, and esteem of the entire Masonic Order.

This reviewer finds this the single most significant book on the subject of Prince Hall Masonry and its relation to "mainstream" Masonry, available today. Without a doubt, if all those who make recognition decisions were to read this book, Freemasonry in North America would benefit greatly and quickly. The documented facts are as inescapably compelling as the commentary is tactfully restrained.

Alton G. Roundtree is Editor of the Masonic Globe Magazine, Editor of the award-winning Prince Hall Masonic Digest, and Vice-President of KLR Publishing, LLC. He is a Past Master, a 33rd Degree Mason, and Vice-Chairman of the Recognition Committee of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Washington, D.C.

Paul M. Bessel is a Fellow of the Scottish Rite Research Society, a Fellow of the Philalethes Society, and Past President of the Masonic Library & Museum Association. He is a Past Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia in Washington, D.C. Paul Bessel is well known and highly respected globally for his vast web site of accurate factual information on numerous topics in Freemasonry, including in particular, the subject of Prince Hall recognition.

Peter Renzland
President of the Toronto Society for Masonic Research.





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Very good information, I am glad to have it. Now that realationships between lodges are becoming much more open,( Somthing I had hope for since I became a mason) it is even more inportant to be able to know who is a real mason.

Hello all, I too am Prince Hall Mason in Philadelphia, PA (Widows Son Lodge #4). The information posted in this thread has been eye opening to say the least. Thanks to all who posted the details and explanations.

[edit on 13-5-2008 by cipioxx]