originally posted by: charlest2
a reply to: belkide
I'm too stupid to understand the dynamics of this but is a slow reentry impossible? Why?
A serious question here.
A serious answer. No, not really, with rocket ships.
The basic objective is to start at the bottom of the atmosphere where you are moving at zero speed relative to the surface of the Earth and accelerate
up to a stable circular orbit, spend some useful time there, and then return to the Earth's surface.
When you are in orbit, the speed with which you are moving around the Earth creates just enough centrifugal force upward to counteract the force of
gravity pulling you down. The trick is that in order for that kind of orbit to last for any length of time, you have to be above most of the
atmosphere.
The atmosphere is thickest at sea level and tapers off exponentially as you go higher. So what happens is that if you are at a low enough orbital
altitude such that the atmospheric density is still perceptible, the rocket will run into air molecules, which will slow it down. That will put the
rocket into a slightly lower orbit, where the atmosphere is slightly denser, so it will run into even more air molecules and slow down even more.
That puts it in a lower orbit, and so on, and so on. That is called orbit decay, and the lower the orbit, the faster it decays. As a rough example,
a rocket placed in an orbit 200 km above the Earth's surface will last about a day before it re-enters. A rocket at 300 km altitude will last about a
month. A rocket at 400 km altitude will last about a year, and so on. Most spacecraft need a lifetime of at least a year, so most launch vehicles
need to be able to get into a stable orbit of 400 km altitude or higher. At an orbital altitude of about 400 km, the orbital speed is about 7.7 km
per second to create enough centrifugal force.
So when the rocket decides it's time to come home, it fires some retro-thrusters to reduce its speed a little. That causes it to go into a lower
orbit, where it encounters more atmospheric drag, which causes it to go lower, where it encounters more drag, and so on. You basically force the
orbit to decay quickly by use of the retro-thrusters. You only have to reduce the orbital speed by about 0.3 km per second to get the orbit to decay
within an hour or so.
The aerodynamic heating that a rocket experiences is determined by both the atmospheric density it is experiencing and the speed at which it is moving
through that air. When the rocket is going TO orbit, it is starting at zero km per second at the densest part of the atmosphere and accelerating up
to 7.7 km per second in vacuum. So, as the speed increases, the atmospheric density simultaneously decreases and that combination keeps the heating
relatively low. When you are returning FROM orbit, the rocket starts at about 7.4 km per second and is diving into an atmosphere whose density is
steadily increasing that makes the atmospheric heating problem the exact opposite of the ascent situation. On ascent, you are flying AWAY from
atmospheric density, but on descent you are flying INTO atmospheric density.
Since you have to start at an entry speed of around 7.4 km per second at around 400 km you have to scrub off that much velocity and altitude by the
time you get down to zero speed and zero altitude. At some point in that trajectory, you are going to experience a combination of high speed and high
density and therefore high heating.
The way you can minimize the heating rate is to use some aerodynamic lift to glide when you are at high altitude, so you spend more time decelerating
at high altitude where the atmospheric density is lower. That's what the Space Shuttle did, and is why it was a lifting body instead of a simple
capsule shape. The Starship is also a lifting body and will use a lifting trajectory for the same reason.
Even so, both the Shuttle and Starship experience high heating rates somewhere along the trajectory and both have to have heat shield tiles.