a reply to:
network dude
Here is some background information governing Senators and classified information:
“While the matter has not been definitively addressed by the Supreme Court, it is well settled that Congress has both a Constitutional and statutory
right to access information within the executive branch, including classified information.
Congress’ authority to obtain information from the executive branch stems from the explicit constitutional grants of authority to Congress, such as
the power to legislate, to appropriate all funds, and to confirm presidential appointments. All of these explicit powers require information in the
possession of the executive branch and knowledge of executive branch activities.”
In other words, the Congressional right for access to information that the Executive branch has classified ultimately comes from the Constitution.
“Congressional access to classified records is governed by both statute and executive order. The National Security Act of 1947, as amended, states
that, “The President shall ensure that the congressional intelligence committees are kept fully and currently informed of the intelligence
activities of the United States,” and that, “Nothing in this Act shall be construed as authority to withhold information from the congressional
committees on the grounds that providing the information to the congressional intelligence committees would constitute the unauthorized disclosure of
classified information or information relating to intelligence sources and methods.”
So this is one of the main laws granting Senators access to SCI, or codeword protected information, over and above information classified at the
Confidential/Secret/Top Secret levels.
“Senators and Congressmen, along with other Federal officials including the President, Vice President, and Supreme Court justices, have access to
classified records by virtue of their positions, and neither undergo background checks to obtain security clearances nor sign an SF 312.”
This special treatment is due to the separation of powers of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches. The Executive Branch gets to set the
rules that Executive Branch employees, contractors, and military personnel have to follow in handling and safeguarding classified information. Those
rules are set down in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and in Executive Orders issued periodically by the POTUS. I believe the currently
operative Executive Order is 13526, issued by Obama in 2010. But, Executive Orders do not apply to the Legislative or Judicial Branches, so those
Branches get to make their own rules for how to handle classified information. The US Navy sailor who got nailed for taking pictures inside a nuclear
submarine was a military employee of the Executive Branch so he would have been subject to Executive Order 13526 and the CFRs. Because he took
pictures inside a Navy nuclear submarine, he probably also violated parts of the Atomic Energy Act, which is entirely outside the control of the
Executive Branch, but that’s a different story. BTW, the Code of Federal Regulations only applies to federal agencies, so a civilian who has never
been granted a security clearance and signed a Federal Non-Disclosure Agreement for classified information is not subject to Executive Orders or
CFRs.
“Non-elected personnel on the staffs of Congressional committees that work with classified records must obtain security clearances and sign a
Standard Form 312 (Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement). Security clearances for staff are administered by the House and Senate security
offices or by the individual committees.”
So yes, Senators, Representatives, and Federal Judges are treated differently than military personnel, civilian employees or contractors of the
Executive Branch, or non-elected staff of Congress. That difference in treatment is baked into the Constitution. Because of this, the Senate (and
House, and Judicial Branch) get to make their own rules for handling classified information. Here's how the Senate does it:
“Records management and information security functions within the Senate are managed by the Secretary of the Senate. The Office of Senate Security,
… issues the Senate Security Manual, which covers all aspects of security, from physical requirements for the storage of classified information to
procedures for conducting investigations of security violations. …The Senate Archivist, also under the administration of the Secretary of the
Senate, has issued a records management handbook that addresses the handling of classified records. According to the Handbook, any classified records
in the personal collections of senators— which should not include committee records or other records covered by statute or standing rule of
Congress—should be reviewed for declassification before donation. This review should be coordinated by the Senate Archivist with the Center for
Legislative Archives and the Information Security Oversight Office of NARA.”
In other words, Biden had a Constitutional and statutory right to possess classified documents while he was a Senator. Furthermore, any mishandling
of classified documents while he WAS a Senator would have been investigated and handled by the Senate and not by the Executive Branch or courts.
(Separation of powers, again.) And finally:
“In contrast to the institutional records of the House and Senate and the records of their committees, the papers of an individual Senator or
Congressman are considered the “private property of the individual member,” and are often donated to an archival repository in the politician’s
home state upon retirement. Any classified information contained in the private papers of a senator or congressman remains under the control of the
Executive branch agency that created and classified that information, even while the medium on which that information is communicated is the property
of that politician.”
I think this is what Biden was referring to when he claimed that he had a well-established right to retain papers in his personal collection from the
time he was a Senator, even if some of those papers might have had classified information in them. A former Senator would have that right, but a
former POTUS or VP would not, because the POTUS and VP are governed by the Presidential Records Act, but Senators are not.
The foregoing material in quotation marks is from:
cdn.americanprogress.org...
and
sgp.fas.org...