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Abstract
We primarily study a possible link between 2021 COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Europe and monthly 2022 excess all-cause mortality, i.e., mortality higher than before the pandemic. Analyses of 31 countries weighted by population size show that all-cause mortality during the first nine months of 2022 increased more the higher the 2021 vaccination uptake; a one percentage point increase in 2021 vaccination uptake was associated with a monthly mortality increase in 2022 by 0.105 percent (95% CI, 0.075-0.134). When controlling for alternative explanations, the association remained robust, and we discuss the result emphasizing causality as well as potential ecological fallacy. Also, the study shows that 2021 all-cause mortality was lower the higher the vaccination uptake, but this association became non-significant when controlling for alternative explanations.
Discussion
This study shows that the all-cause mortality during the first nine months of 2022 in 31 European countries increased more the higher the 2021 vaccination uptake. The association is strongly significant (Table 3), but to make causal inferences, it is further necessary to (1) rule out reverse causality and (2) account for alternative explanations.
Below we discuss both issues. Also,
we discuss our study in light of potential (3) ecological fallacy, which is a “failure in reasoning that arises when an inference is made about an individual based on aggregate data for a group” (24).
Concerning potential reverse causality (1), the timing of the independent and dependent variables is crucial. Relating the timing condition to our study, we find it unreasonable, actually logically impossible, that increasing monthly all-cause mortality in 2022 could have occurred before and hence caused vaccination uptake in the previous year, 2021. Accordingly, ceteris paribus it is more likely to assume that 2021 vaccination uptake
will have caused monthly increases in 2022 mortality than the other way around.
Concerning alternative explanations (2), we controlled for average all-cause mortality in 2020 and 2021 divided by the average between 2016 and 2019. The all-cause mortality during 2020 and 2021 was relatively low in countries with relatively high vaccination uptakes (Table 2), and had we not controlled for this issue, one could alternatively have argued for a so-called “bounce-back effect,” i.e., relatively low mortality at one period is
followed by relatively high mortality later, and vice versa. E.g., the relatively high mortality in the first months of 2022 could have been due to relatively low mortality in the previous two years, but, as mentioned, we controlled for this issue. Moreover, we not only controlled for average 2020 and 2021 mortality relative to the average between 2016 and
2019, but we additionally included an interaction term between this variable and the month variable simultaneously with the interaction term between vaccination uptake and the month variable (Table 3, Model 3). Despite this – in our opinion, conservative test –we still observed a significant association between 2021 vaccination uptake and the 2022
monthly increase in all-cause mortality.
Nonetheless, future research should extend the
time frame beyond 2022’s first nine months to assess whether the relatively high all-cause
mortality persists in countries with high vaccination uptakes. If so, there is even more reason to assume that there is a genuine association between 2021 COVID-19 vaccination uptake and 2022 excess mortality. Secondly, we controlled for 2019 pre-COVID life expec-tancy. The variable correlated positively with vaccination uptake and negatively with the other control variable – average 2020 and 2021 mortality relative to the 2016-2019 average
mortality (Table 2). Accordingly, the inclusion of pre-COVID life expectancy as a control variable partakes to rule out other potential alternative explanations of our findings. Also, we included an interaction term between this variable and the month variable simultaneously with the interaction term between vaccination uptake and the month variable, but without altering any statistical conclusion (Table 3, Model 4). Finally, we carried out un-reported analyses controlling for 2018 nation-level median age and 2019 per-capita GDP
adjusted for purchasing power, respectively, as done in Models 3 and 4 (Table 3), but without altering any statistical conclusion (analyses are available upon request)
originally posted by: network dude
a reply to: Asmodeus3
with a data driven argument, you kind of kneecap the "feelz" police. You should always leave room for the feelz, or they will all be off topic.
But with data, you should summon that skeptical guy in a kilt. he has the ability to see different things than others do. (possibly a superpower)
originally posted by: network dude
a reply to: Asmodeus3
I think we all have to wait for the data to catch up to the times (it's happening now) in order to make the masses understand the issues here. They have been gaslit for so long, it will be hard to break that control cycle.
I do think less hyperbole all around would be a good thing, and just focus on the verifiable facts. (you are doing that as I see it) But the fact that there is less and less opposition to the facts shows it's making an impact, albeit slowly.
originally posted by: Dalamax
But to what end?
What are you trying to achieve by saying that the clot campaign was a huge evil malfeasance?
In an ideal world what result are you aiming for?
I ask because all I see is smoke and mirrors.
a reply to: Asmodeus3
originally posted by: Dalamax
Depopulation is a nonsense. Here down under there is plenty of room.
a reply to: v1rtu0s0
I wish you luck.
a reply to Asmodeus
The evidence is mounting and indisputable that MRNA vaccines cause serious harm including death, especially among young people. We have to stop giving them immediately!
originally posted by: infolurker
a reply to: Asmodeus3
What is killing me is that so many will not admit the obvious.
There is a massive increase in excess mortality, especially high for those under 50.
Is it the escaped engineered coronavirus or the vaccines that are supposed to protect us from it?
It is one or the other or a combination of both. It is the obvious explanation.
The UK has seen an unexplained surge in deaths in recent months, causing concern among the country’s chief medical officers.
Many suggestions have been put forward for why there have been about 22,500 more deaths between April and August than would normally be expected, but there is little agreement so far on the cause or causes. A spokesperson for the UK government’s Department of Health and Social Care, for example, says: “Analysis is ongoing, however early investigation suggests circulatory diseases and diabetes may be partly responsible for the majority of excess deaths
originally posted by: Asmodeus3
Dr Campbell has talked about this paper in his video, here: youtu.be...
and commented that he would be surprised if this paper goes through peer-review.
We all know why...
originally posted by: Quintilian
originally posted by: Asmodeus3
Dr Campbell has talked about this paper in his video, here: youtu.be...
and commented that he would be surprised if this paper goes through peer-review.
We all know why...
I watched that one. Loved the ending where he abruptly brought up a different topic, explaining what a "slam dunk" is. Quite random and completely unrelated to this paper of course. lol.