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originally posted by: Phantom423
There are over 500 journals and 200,000 articles on evolutionary biology.
Those articles include research into self-assembly and self-polymerization.
originally posted by: TzarChasm
It's not my fault none of you are very persuasive. It's probably because you don't have the answers I requested.
A commonly accepted view is that life began in a marine environment, which would imply
the presence of inorganic ions such as Na1, Cl2, Mg21, Ca21, and Fe21. We have investigated
two processes relevant to the origin of life—membrane self-assembly and RNA polymerization—
and established that both are adversely affected by ionic solute concentrations much
lower than those of contemporary oceans. In particular, monocarboxylic acid vesicles, which
are plausible models of primitive membrane systems, are completely disrupted by low concentrations
of divalent cations, such as magnesium and calcium, and by high sodium chloride
concentrations as well. Similarly, a nonenzymatic, nontemplated polymerization of activated
RNA monomers in ice/eutectic phases (in a solution of low initial ionic strength) yields
oligomers with .80% of the original monomers incorporated, but polymerization in initially
higher ionic strength aqueous solutions is markedly inhibited. These observations suggest
that cellular life may not have begun in a marine environment because the abundance of ionic
inorganic solutes would have significantly inhibited the chemical and physical processes that
lead to self-assembly of more complex molecular systems. Key Words: Ionic inorganic
solutes—Self-assembly—Monoribonucleotide polymerization—Mononucleotide polymerization - Ocean—Fresh water—Protocells.
Astrobiology 2, 139–152.
Several RNA polymerization reaction models,
based on the spontaneous polymerization of activated
nucleotides,have been proposed (Sleeper
and Orgel, 1979; Sleeper et al., 1979; Sawai and
Ohno, 1981; Sawai, 1988). We recently demonstrated
an efficient, nonenzymatic ribonucleotide
polymerization (Kanavarioti et al., 2001). This
polymerization exploits submillimolar amounts
of lead ion as the catalyst and utilizes ice/eutectic
phases as the concentrating mechanism for
both organics and inorganics. Under such conditions
polymerization occurs with excellent yield
and efficiency (80–94% monomer incorporation
into oligomers up to 11 nucleotides in length). We
chose to use this reaction as a sensitive indicator
of salt effects on a polymerization reaction.
MATERIALS AND METHODS (partial)
Uridine 59-monophosphate (59-UMP), sodium
chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, sea
salts, rhodamine 6G, decyl alcohol (DOH), glycerol
monodecanoate (GMD), EDTA, and MES
buffer were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.
(St. Louis, MO). Decanoic acid was obtained from
Fluka. Other reagents and solvents used were of
the highest grade commercially available.
The sodium salts of 59-UMP imidazolide
(ImpU) were synthesized as described earlier
(Kanavarioti et al., 1995). They contained ,3% of
59-UMP or pyrophosphate homodimer as impurities
as established by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) analysis on a C-18 column
The concentrations of ionic catalysts used here
for the polymerization of nucleotides into RNA
fragments that represent possible ribozyme precursors
are already in a range in which disruptive
interactions between membranes and divalent
cations were observed. However, these
values have been determined to be optimal for
the nonenzymatic, nontemplated synthesis of
RNA. It is therefore possible to find conditions
that are conducive to both RNA polymerization
and membrane self-assembly, albeit at less than
optimal rates. Experiments to investigate a
medium simultaneously conducive to both self assembly
and RNA polymerization are currently
underway in our laboratory.
The Self-Assembly Lab at MIT has developed a pilot process to manufacture cell phones by self-assembly.
To do this, they designed their cell phone to consist of six parts that fit together in a lock-in-key manner. By placing the cell phone pieces into a tumbler that turns at the just-right speed, the pieces automatically combine with one another, bit by bit, until the cell phone is assembled.
Few errors occur during the assembly process. Only pieces designed to fit together combine with one another because of the lock-in-key fabrication.
Engineers continue to make significant progress toward developing self-assembly processes for manufacturing purposes. It very well could be that in the future a number of machines and devices will be designed to self-assemble. Based on the researchers’ work, it becomes evident that part of the strategy for designing machines that self-assemble centers on creating components that not only contribute to the machine’s function, but also precisely interact with the other components so that the machine assembles on its own.
The operative word here is designed. For machines to self-assemble they must be designed to self-assemble.
This requirement holds true for biochemical machines, too. The protein subunits that interact to form the biomolecular machines appear to be designed for self-assembly. Protein-protein binding sites on the surface of the subunits mediate this self-assembly process. These binding sites require high-precision interactions to ensure that the binding between subunits takes place with a high degree of accuracy—in the same way that the MIT engineers designed the cell phone pieces to precisely combine through lock-in-key interactions.
originally posted by: Phantom423
a reply to: Grenade
I am Jewish, but don't particularly care for religious rituals. If there's a god that's fine with me. If there isn't, it's okay too. Until there's evidence either way, I simply don't care.
There may be another world (or many worlds) where the person lived through the experience, died and came back, or died and went to heaven or hell. But the person who was shot in THIS universe, will never wake up in another parallel universe. Everett's theory is about branching of the universe where no two branches communicate. They are independent of each other regardless how many branches are formed.
A fundamental scientific assumption called local realism conflicts with certain predictions of quantum mechanics. Those predictions have now been verified, with none of the loopholes that have compromised earlier tests.
originally posted by: Phantom423
a reply to: neoholographic
I didn't quote from anything. Those are my words.
I'm not a philosopher and I'm not particularly interested in god or materialism. So whatever your take on it is, that's fine with me. I have no opinion unless there's hard evidence to analyze.
Now, Wiseman and colleagues have come up with an answer. Our universe, they claim, shares space with a large number of other universes, each of which follows the classical, Newtonian laws of physics. In this view, particles in our universe feel a subtle push from corresponding particles in all the other universes. Everything we think of as quantum weirdness is the result of these worlds bumping into each other (Physical Review X, doi.org/wtw).
“One way to think about it is that they coexist in the same space as our universe, like ghost universes,” Wiseman says. These other worlds are mostly invisible because they only interact with ours under very strict conditions, and only in very minute ways, he says, via a force acting between similar particles in different universes. But this interaction could be enough to explain quantum mechanics.
originally posted by: Phantom423
a reply to: cooperton
That's because you can't understand what you're reading. Get a 101 level organic chemistry book and start there.
End of message.