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originally posted by: TzarChasm
Prokaryote fossils date back as far as 3.5 billion years and eukaryotes go back 1.7 billion.
Carl Woese, J Peter Gogarten, "When did eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei and other internal organelles) first evolve? What do we know about how they evolved from earlier life-forms?" Scientific American, October 21, 1999.
Please provide research data indicating that the publication is in error.
originally posted by: cooperton
Ahh yes, it exists, therefore evolution must have done it. But let's analyze how 'evolution did it'.
Epigenetics work on already existent genes, and genes require epigenetics for their proper expression. Which came first then, the gene, or the epigenetic modification of the gene? Both are necessary for proper functioning. I know you have no answer except "evolution did it".
The much more logical answer is that all functions that are necessary for a gene and its modulation were all created at once in an organized blueprint.
originally posted by: EasternShadow
It is about where this life energy/force come from.
originally posted by: Barcs
originally posted by: turbonium1
They IGNORE the scientific method, in fact.
The quadrillions of different species, which have always remained that exact, same, unique species, have proven it... beyond a doubt.
All of these claims about 'evolution' are nonsense, being supported as if true, over and over again...
The evidence shows that claim is complete nonsense.
Wrong. All of those species have changed and are different from the originals. Natural selection is a factor so your claim is bogus. Change isn't required. Many species experience mostly genetic drift (ie crocodiles, white sharks). This shows your ignorance of evolution, not a problem with the theory. Remember, changes only stick if they are agreeable with the environment and passed down.
originally posted by: Barcs
Obviously the gene came first, and they are expressed properly without that ability.
Assumptions cannot be called logical.
Slow incremental process simply makes more sense based on our scientific understanding of everything ever studied in the history of ever.
originally posted by: cooperton
You see, you are assuming that, because you assume evolution has to be true, and therefore had to have done it. But even the most rudimentary prokaryotes have epigenetic modification on their genes. This, therefore, would be another massive hurdle for the first organism, because modulation of gene expression is necessary.
So you admit all the assumptions that evolution relies on are illogical?
from a logical perspective we observe today that organs, tissues, cells, organelles, etc, are all interdependent upon each other, and all pieces need to be in play for a viable functioning organism. This demonstrates that a piece-by-piece sequential addition to function could not have created the complete organisms we see today.
originally posted by: turbonium1
None of the species have changed into another, different species.What is "different from the originals" supposed to mean? That all species are still the same species, but "different from the originals" of the species, is still the same species. Any of the changes in species are only normal adaptation.
We are no different than our ancestors, only we are - on average - taller than our ancestors were. We live - on average - longer than before. We have always been humans, and always will be humans, period.Today, there are about 7.7 billion humans living on Earth. It's also 7.7 billion articles of evidence, showing that evolution is all garbage.
all the evidence, which rips evolution claims to shreds,
If it was based on real evidence, evolution would have been laughed at, and buried. Because they would understand there is no valid evidence to support it, while it is overwhelming amount of actual evidence that proves 'evolution' is not only wrong, and unfounded, and false...Evolution is a theory of pure invention, of fiction, of fantasy.
originally posted by: Barcs
The way organisms are today is not relevant to how they were billions of years ago
It's not a sequential piece by piece addition.
originally posted by: cooperton
Double post. Here's an example of interdependent proteins that combine together to make bacterium flagella:
All pieces need to be present for a flagellum to work, so how would they have evolved in a piece-by-piece mutative manner?
How would you know what organisms were like billions of years ago? Didn't you just say assumptions are illogical?
But genetic mutation is exactly that, a sequential alteration to the genetic code.
Scientists have confirmed that the 3.4-billion-year-old Strelley Pool microfossils had chemical characteristics similar to modern bacteria. This all but confirms their biological origin and ranks them amongs the world's oldest microfossils.
An example of one of the microfossils discovered in a sample of rock recovered from the Apex Chert, a rock formation in western Australia that is among the oldest and best-preserved rock deposits in the world. The fossils were first described in 1993 but a 2017 study published by UCLA and UW-Madison scientists used sophisticated chemical analysis to confirm the microscopic structures found in the rock are indeed biological, rendering them -- at 3.5 billion years -- the oldest fossils yet found.
Scientists announced on March 1, 2017 that they’ve identified the remains of 3,770-million-year-old microorganisms, now the oldest known microfossils on Earth. The discovery is in the form of tiny filaments and tubes – formed by bacteria – that lived on iron. They were found encased in quartz layers in what scientists call the Nuvvuagittuq Supracrustal Belt, on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, in Quebec, Canada. This region was already known to contain some of Earth’s oldest rocks.
The scientists say this part of Canada likely once formed part of an iron-rich deep-sea hydrothermal vent system, which provided a habitat for some of Earth’s first life forms, between 3,770 and 4,300 million years ago.
Their work is published March 1 in the peer-reviewed journal Nature. First author is Matthew Dodd, a PhD student at UCL Earth Sciences and the London Centre for Nanotechnology.
Matthew Dodd concluded by saying:
These discoveries demonstrate life developed on Earth at a time when Mars and Earth had liquid water at their surfaces, posing exciting questions for extra-terrestrial life. Therefore, we expect to find evidence for past life on Mars 4,000 million years ago, or if not, Earth may have been a special exception.
Yet exactly how a change in a gene, which changes protein structure, could culminate in a synchronous improvement in a network of interdependent organs is totally unseen in scientific literature. This is another vast assumption of faith that involves not just one miracle, but many.
Yet exactly how a change in a gene, which changes protein structure, could culminate in a synchronous improvement in a network of interdependent organs is totally unseen in scientific literature.
Mutations are one of the fundamental forces of evolution because they fuel the variability in populations and thus enable evolutionary change. Based on their effects on fitness, mutations can be divided into three broad categories: the ‘good’ or advantageous that increase fitness, the ‘bad’ or deleterious that decrease it and the ‘indifferent’ or neutral that are not affected by selection because their effects are too small. While this simplistic view serves well as a first rule of thumb for understanding the fate of mutations, research in recent decades has uncovered a complex web of interactions. For example, (i) the effects of mutations often depend on the presence or absence of other mutations, (ii) their effects can also depend on the environment, (iii) the fate of mutations may depend on the size and structure of the population, which can severely limit the ability of selection to discriminate among the three types (making all seem nearly ‘indifferent’), and (iv) mutations' fate can also depend on the fate of others that have more pronounced effects and are in close proximity on the same chromosome.
A major theoretical goal in the study of the population genetics of mutations is to understand how mutations change populations in the long term. To this end, we have to consider many features of evolution and extant populations at both the phenotypic and molecular level, and ask how these can be explained in terms of rates and kinds of mutations and how they are affected by the forces that influence their fates.
We have increasing amounts of information at our disposal to help us answer these questions. The continuous improvement of DNA sequencing technology is providing more detailed genotypes on more species and observations of more phenomena at the genomic level. We are also gaining more understanding of the processes that lead from changes at the level of genotypes through various intermediate molecular changes in individuals to new visible phenotypes. Use of this new knowledge presents both opportunities and challenges to our understanding, and new methods have been developed to address them. Brian Charlesworth has been at the forefront of many of the developments in the population genetics of mutations, both in the collection and analysis of new data and in providing new models to explain the observations he and others have made. This themed issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B is dedicated to him to mark his 65th birthday.
The authors of the accompanying papers have individually made important contributions to the field and have been directly associated with or indirectly influenced by his work. In this collection of papers, various aspects are considered in detail, and in this introduction, we aim to provide an overview as a basis for the in-depth treatments that follow. We outline some of the theories that serve as the quantitative basis for more applied questions and have been developed with the main aims of: (i) measuring the rates at which different types of mutations occur in nature, (ii) predicting quantitatively their subsequent fate in populations, and (iii) assessing how they affect some properties of populations and therefore could be used for inference. The subsequent papers are broadly arranged in a continuum from specific questions of basic parameter estimation (strength of mutation, selection, recombination), via those that contribute a combination of biological theories and data on these parameters, to those which mostly address broader biological theories. There is an enormous range of mutational effects on fitness, and wide differences exist in the strength of other evolutionary forces that operate on populations. This generates an array of complex phenomena that continues to challenge our capacity to mechanistically understand evolution.
To make problems tractable, theoreticians have divided the parameter space into smaller regions such that specific simplifying assumptions can be made. These typically comprise assuming the absence of particular events (e.g. no recombination) or the presence of particular equilibria (e.g. mutation-selection balance). Subsequently, new theories are often developed in which these assumptions are relaxed so as to narrow the gap to reality, typically including more interactions between various evolutionary forces, albeit at the cost of becoming less tractable to analysis. The dynamics of mutations are dominated by chance, yet we search for general principles that are independent of particular random events. This tension is reflected in the models used. All mutations start out as single copies and most are lost again by chance, so we can at best predict probabilities of particular fates; but the stochastic models that can deal rigorously with randomness are often too complex to analyse for realistic scenarios. If we are interested only in the mean outcome of many individual random events, we may approximate the process by deterministic models that predict a precise outcome; but these approximations can break down if only few individuals or rare events are involved. To facilitate concise descriptions, there is a long history in population genetics of using mathematical symbols as abbreviations for various parameters and observations, but unfortunately there is no unique nomenclature. To try to meet our two conflicting goals of conciseness and readability, we list some important evolutionary parameters and their common abbreviations in table 1. Even so, for good reasons of history or local convention, some of these symbols are defined differently in some papers in this collection.
But genetic mutation is exactly that, a sequential alteration to the genetic code. This mechanism is theorized to have given rise to all biological novelties in the history of life.Yet exactly how a change in a gene, which changes protein structure, could culminate in a synchronous improvement in a network of interdependent organs is totally unseen in scientific literature. This is another vast assumption of faith that involves not just one miracle, but many.
originally posted by: Barcs
I'm also not sure how you get to the conclusion of magic or aliens to explain the first life.