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The Soviet BW program had five major subprograms:
Bonfire, the main program, which succeed in making multi-antibiotic resistance for bacteria and modified antigenic structures for viruses (bad things)
Factor, which sought higher virulence out of existing agents, as well as higher stability and new outcomes — which are basic goals for any BW program, but again, were being done with molecular genetics methods for the most part
Hunter, which attempted to make hybrids of bacteria and viruses — apparently they were trying to come up with agents that were essentially bacterial, but if you used antibiotics to kill the bacteria, they would then release viruses into the system, which sounds like something from a movie
Chimera, which were working on "exotic viral genes" (i.e. making better Ebola)
Flute, which were trying to attack neuropeptide regulators, bioweapons meant for targeted assassinations All together they produced twelve "recipes," as they called them, which were "type-verified" and ready to produce. Some of these were mass produced to the tune of hundreds of tons.
Leitenberg and Zilinskas were able to identify eleven of them, and they're scary — anthrax, plague, tularemia, and Marburg virus, to name a few ones that even I recognized — but the identity of the last one is still a mystery to them.
In his book, Alibek, a Kazakh by birth, says the Soviet state devoted a considerable part of its treasury to readying deadly germs for war. At its peak in the late 1980s, he writes, the program had 60,000 employees working at scores of sites throughout the Soviet Union. "The Americans had just two specialists in anthrax," he wrote of his observations during his first tour of U.S. sites as part of a Soviet-American inspection agreement in 1991. "We had two thousand."
About a dozen of the 40 institutes that were part of Biopreparat, the civilian cover group that Alibek helped run, were used "exclusively" for offensive agents and weapons for the military, he wrote. After he fled Russia and took up residence in the United States, Alibek says, he was approached by intermediaries of emissaries of several countries that courted him for his deadly expertise, including South Korea, France and Israel. The work for which he was to be hired was defensive, the intermediaries said.
At least 25 people who used to work in the Soviet germ-warfare program now work in the United States in nonweapons work, he writes. It is impossible to know how many have been recruited overseas. But there is no doubt, he adds, "that their expertise has been attracting bidders," including countries unfriendly to the United States.
The germ warriors staying behind apparently can be dangerous as well. He said he had recently received a disconcerting flier from a Moscow-based company, Bioeffekt Ltd. "It offered, by mail order, three genetically engineered strains of tularemia," Alibek said.
The technical expertise in weapons of mass destruction that remains available in the essentially closed societies of the former Soviet Union is perhaps as great a threat as any stockpiled materials. The countries of the former Soviet Union are experiencing great economic reverses. The scientists (who used to get the best of everything), now are paid little (and even that payment may be months late in coming) or have lost their jobs altogether. There are significant economic pressures that could lead to WMD materials, weapons and technological expertise being sold on the black market.
In addition, biological and chemical weapons have been developed in many countries and are presumed to be of great interest to terrorist organizations. Many analysts expect to see their use—in terrorist attacks or on the battlefield— within the next decade. Although it is widely believed that Iraq did not use biochemical weapons on U.S. troops because the U.S. promised swift, severe retaliation, General Charles A. Horner has stated that “Iraqi generals reported the reason they didn’t use chemical weapons was because if they used them…they would suffer many more casualties than we would.” (2) The expertise available in the Soviet Union, if purchased on the black market, could greatly increase the comfort level with biochemical weapons for countries of concern and terrorists
originally posted by: seasonal
a reply to: Indrasweb
How friendly is NK to the international banking system?
How many other vials like this are throughout the world in stockpiles
originally posted by: subfab
a reply to: JBurns
if i was the leader of north korea, i see what the united states did to Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, and wonder when my country is next. i'd do every thing in my power to protect my country and people. even if that means developing nuclear weapons. north korea is surrounded by nations who help keep the balance in the region. china, japan, south korea and even russia help maintain "peace" in the region. i believe kim un has spoken to the leaders of those nations. he must have made it known that the threat of an attack from the united states is a real threat. north korea isn't standing alone. i don't know what will happen if the united states enters into conflict with north korea, but the response from its neighbors won't be pleasant.
the united states needs to back off its military stance on north korea and work on creating a fiscal partnership. if the united states cares about the well being of the north korean people, then send humanitarian aid, medical help, food, clothing.
Penile agenesis is a birth defect in humans, occurring about once in 5–6 million male births, in which a male child is born without a penis. A partner condition is testicular or gonadal agenesis. This is when a male child is born without gonads and consequently develops no testes.
A baby girl may be born without a vagina or have the vaginal opening blocked by a layer of cells that are higher up in the vagina than where the hymen is. A missing vagina is most often due to Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome.
While the country's first nuclear test wasn’t until 2006, the defectors tell stories of trout dying in the mountain streams and the area's prized pine mushrooms disappearing long before then. The president of SAND, Choi Kyung Hui, who is also a defector but not from Kilju, suggested military activity at Punggye-ri in the years leading up to the tests could explain contamination in the area.
But Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress, a scientist-in-residence at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies in Monterey, California, has doubts that radiation damaged the environment and residents' health. He said that if any radioactive material had leaked, even from a reported tunnel collapse this month following the sixth test, powerful sensors in the region that "sniff" the atmosphere would have detected it. The same goes for previous tests, he said.
originally posted by: subfab
a reply to: JBurns
if i was the leader of north korea, i see what the united states did to Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, and wonder when my country is next. i'd do every thing in my power to protect my country and people. even if that means developing nuclear weapons. north korea is surrounded by nations who help keep the balance in the region. china, japan, south korea and even russia help maintain "peace" in the region. i believe kim un has spoken to the leaders of those nations. he must have made it known that the threat of an attack from the united states is a real threat. north korea isn't standing alone. i don't know what will happen if the united states enters into conflict with north korea, but the response from its neighbors won't be pleasant.
the united states needs to back off its military stance on north korea and work on creating a fiscal partnership. if the united states cares about the well being of the north korean people, then send humanitarian aid, medical help, food, clothing.