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The common lineage of great apes and humans split several hundred thousand earlier than hitherto assumed, according to an international research team headed by Professor Madelaine Böhme from the Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen and Professor Nikolai Spassov from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The researchers investigated two fossils of Graecopithecus freybergi with state-of-the-art methods and came to the conclusion that they belong to pre-humans. Their findings, published today in two papers in the journal PLOS ONE, further indicate that the split of the human lineage occurred in the Eastern Mediterranean and not -- as customarily assumed -- in Africa.
"While great apes typically have two or three separate and diverging roots, the roots of Graecopithecus converge and are partially fused -- a feature that is characteristic of modern humans, early humans and several pre-humans including Ardipithecus and Australopithecus," said Böhme.
The lower jaw, nicknamed 'El Graeco' by the scientists, has additional dental root features, suggesting that the species Graecopithecus freybergi might belong to the pre-human lineage. "We were surprised by our results, as pre-humans were previously known only from sub-Saharan Africa," said Jochen Fuss, a Tübingen PhD student who conducted this part of the study.
originally posted by: Byrd
a reply to: punkinworks10
The big problem I see here is that there were no anthropoids in the area. No fossil apes near the Balkans.
It's not a likely habitat for apes or hominids, either. I can't see them hotfooting it from the savannahs of Central Africa, over the Ethiopian Mountains to the Balkans without leaving a trail of other remains behind.
originally posted by: rickymouse
originally posted by: Byrd
a reply to: punkinworks10
The big problem I see here is that there were no anthropoids in the area. No fossil apes near the Balkans.
It's not a likely habitat for apes or hominids, either. I can't see them hotfooting it from the savannahs of Central Africa, over the Ethiopian Mountains to the Balkans without leaving a trail of other remains behind.
We do not know what that area was like twenty thousand years ago let alone a million years ago. To say that man originated out of Africa is not science, but it is accepted consensus of the day.
The big problem I see here is that there were no anthropoids in the area. No fossil apes near the Balkans.
,
The team analyzed the two known specimens of the fossil hominid Graecopithecus freybergi: a lower jaw from Greece and an upper premolar from Bulgaria. Using computer tomography, they visualized the internal structures of the fossils and demonstrated that the roots of premolars are widely fused.
Graecopithecus freybergi is a hominid originally identified by a single fragment of skull found in 1944. Since then more specimens have been found, indicating that the specimen may be the oldest known direct ancestor of modern man.(3)
The mandible with a (tertiary molar) m3 that is very worn, the root of a (secondary molar) m2 and a fragment of a (premolar) p3 is from the Tour la Reine site(4) and is dated from the late Miocene. Excavation of the site is not possible (1986) due to the owner having built a swimming pool on the location.(5)The mandible was found on the Greek mainland at Pyrgos Vassilissis, north west of Athens.
he interpretation of the fossil material assigned to this genus is problematic, as even generic attributions have been unstable (see below). While Dryopithecus is regarded as a crown hominoid with close relevance to the African apes, Griphopithecus has been consistently grouped with stem hominoids. The material therefore indicates the range of hominoid locomotor anatomy in mid-Miocene Europe, rather than a specifically crown hominoid anatomy.
As long ago as 1856, Édouard Lartet described a humeral shaft lacking both epiphyses representing Dryopithecus fontani from St. Gaudens in France. Slightly more recently, Paidopithex rhenanus was described by Pohlig (1892, 1895) on the basis of an intact femur from Eppelsheim in Germany. Griphopithecus darwini (Abel, 1902), dated to c. 14–15 Ma, was named from a single lower molar (now one of four teeth and two postcranial fragments) from Middle Miocene deposits at Devínska Nová Ves, near Bratislava in Slovakia. A humerus and ulnar shaft from Kleinhadersdorf in Austria have also been referred to this genus by palaeontologist David R. Begun (2002), although Begun (1992) refers to them as Austriacopithecus and Szalay & Delson (1979) had referred them to Sivapithecus darwini. By far the largest number of finds of Dryopithecus come from Rudabanya in Hungary, and these include a distal humerus, proximal radial and ulnar fragments, a talar body, a fragmentary distal first metatarsal and several phalanges (Begun, 1992). Begun (2002) refers most of these to Dryopithecus brancoi.
An updated chronology for the Miocene hominoid radiation in Western
The following database includes 61 hominoid‐bearing sites from the Miocene of
Western Eurasia. Three doubtful citations are excluded from this synthesis:
Montrejeau, Kalfa and Eldar. The 1911 geological map of Saint Gaudens reports the
presence of Dryopithecinae indet. at Montrejeau (Haute‐Garonne, France). Even
though the material was never figured nor described, this citation is repeated by some
authors (Szalay & Delson, 1979). However, no one knows what the material is or where
it is stored (Mein, 1986). Oreopithecus sp. has been cited from Kalfa (Moldova) (Lungu,
1974), but the material has never been published and even its existence is uncertain
(Delson, 1987). On the other hand, the presence of Oreopithecus in Moldova is highly
unlikely, since this genus is known to be endemic to the Tusco‐Sardinian
palaeobioprovince. Szalay & Delson (1979) also mention the presence of Dryopithecus
fontani at Eldar (Georgia), a locality close to Udabno 1. Nevertheless, this material has
not been figured or described and it has not been mentioned in recent publications, so
it is questionable if it ever existed.
originally posted by: rickymouse
How much evidence to the contrary of this out of Africa has been found and mislabeled because people believed nobody was elsewhere. A hundred years ago human bones were all considered no more than six thousand years old....
Humans may have originated in Africa but I have not seen any evidence of it so far...
originally posted by: purpleivan
originally posted by: rickymouse
How much evidence to the contrary of this out of Africa has been found and mislabeled because people believed nobody was elsewhere. A hundred years ago human bones were all considered no more than six thousand years old....
Humans may have originated in Africa but I have not seen any evidence of it so far...
This doesn't make sense.
First you say that evidence to the contrary of the Out of Africa theory may have been mislabeled (presumably as evidence supporting Out of Africa) due to other theories not being considered, then you say that you've "not seen any evidence of it so far (the Out of Africa theory).
Which is it?
Additionally to say that you've seen no evidence of Out of Africa would be to ignore the enormous amount of both fossil and DNA evidence. Just because you've come across a relatively small amount of material that might complicate the Out of Africa theory, does not mean that evidence of Out of Africa simply doesn't exist.