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The potential of EDs to cause precocious puberty has first been noticed in the early 1990s. Afterwards, the effects of EDs on the onset and course of puberty have been demonstrated in numerous animal and human studies and, subsequently, the use of some of these chemicals has even been prohibited.
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Synthetic Endocrine Disruptors
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is the best known ED with strong estrogenic activity. It was first synthesized in 1938 and has since been widely used worldwide for medical indications including pregnancy toxemia and preterm labor. However, a twofold increase in breast cancer incidence was observed in mothers exposed to DES. It was also shown that the incidence of cervical cancer, ovarian germ cell cancer, cervical or vaginal dysplasia, and vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma was increased in female infants born to mothers exposed to DES (12). The production or marketing of this chemical is prohibited since 1997.
Many chemicals including pesticides, fungicides, herbicides h2o used in agriculture, cleaning substances used in daily life, contents of cosmetic products, dyes, plastic substances and solvents are likely to be EDs. As neutralization or inactivation is difficult and most of these substances often accumulate in fat tissue, they may persist in the body for long periods of time and cause harmful effects (4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11). Time of exposure to EDs is important in terms of their detrimental effects. Male rodents exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in intrauterine life were found to experience problems in masculinization of internal and external genitalia, descent of testicles, androgen production and in spermatogenesis.
Plastic Chemical Linked to Changes in Baby Boys' Genitals
Boys exposed in the womb to high levels are born with slightly altered genital development
By Lindsey Konkel, Environmental Health News on October 29, 2014
A study of nearly 200 Swedish babies is the first to link the chemical di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) to changes in the development of the human male reproductive tract. Credit: moodboard via Thinkstock
Boys exposed in the womb to high levels of a chemical found in vinyl products are born with slightly altered genital development, according to research published today.
The study of nearly 200 Swedish babies is the first to link the chemical di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) to changes in the development of the human male reproductive tract.
Previous studies of baby boys in three countries found that a similar plastics chemical, DEHP, was associated with the same type of changes in their genitalia.
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Two-year-olds at risk from 'gender-bending' chemicals, report says
Owen Bowcott
@owenbowcott
EU council urged to look at cumulative effect
• Campaigners fear controls will not be tough enough
Two-year-old children are being exposed to dangerous levels of hormone-disrupting chemicals in domestic products such as rubber clogs and sun creams, according to an EU investigation being studied by the government.
The 327-page report says that while risks from "anti-androgen" and "oestrogen-like" substances in individual items have been recognised, the cumulative impact of such chemicals, particularly on boys, is being ignored.
The EU's environment council of ministers is due to agree on a regulatory approach to the use of so-called "gender-bender" compounds before Christmas. On Monday, EU officials will try to work out a strategy for creating risk assessments of products causing concerns. Environmental campaigners fear controls will favour industry and not be sufficiently robust.
Phthalates, one of the main anti-androgen chemicals, which are used as softeners in soap, rubber shoes, bath mats and soft toys, have been blamed for blocking the action of testosterone in the womb and are alleged to cause low sperm counts, high rates of testicular cancer and malformations of the sexual organs.
The Presence of Gender Dysphoria, Transsexualism, and Disorders of Sexual Differentiation in Males Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol: Initial Evidence from a 5-Year Study
By Scott P. Kerlin, Ph.D., DES Sons International Network
Kingston, Ontario Canada
Contact: [email protected]
Paper Presented at 6th Annual E-Hormone Conference, New Orleans, October 27-30, 2004
Introduction and Background
During the 1970s and 1980s an increasing amount of public and scientific attention was paid to the health and medical problems of women and men whose mothers and grandmothers took diethylstilbestrol (DES) for prevention of miscarriage. A potent estrogenic chemical, DES was first developed in 1938 and initially became available in the U.S. for treating a range of gynecologic conditions in 1941 (Apfel and Fisher, 1984). A few years later its approval by the FDA was broadened to include treatment of pregnant women for the purpose of preventing miscarriages (spontaneous abortions). Though its efficacy had long been doubted by some in the medical community (Bambigboye and Morris, 2003; Dieckmann, 1953; Edelman, 1986), DES remained popular until publication of research in the early 1970s identifying an apparent association between prenatal exposure to DES and a rare form of vaginal cancer in females (commonly called “DES daughters”) whose mothers used DES
(Giuti, Iwamato, and Hatch, 1995; Heinonen, 1973; Herbst and Bern, 1981).
It is estimated that as many as five to ten million Americans received DES during pregnancy or were exposed to the drug in utero between the late 1940s and early 1970s (Giusti, Iwamoto, and Hatch, 1995). The numbers of male offspring exposed in utero to DES (“DES sons”) have been estimated at between one and three million in the U.S. (Laitman, Jonler, and Messing, 1997) and similar estimates exist for the numbers of American females exposed in utero (Edelman, 1986). Hundreds of thousands of DES sons and daughters were also born in Canada, Europe and Australia during a similar period.
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Daily news
27 May 2005
‘Gender-bending’ chemicals found to ‘feminise’ boys
By Andy Coghlan
“Gender-bending” chemicals mimicking the female hormone oestrogen can disrupt the development of baby boys, suggests the first evidence linking certain chemicals in everyday plastics to effects in humans.
The chemicals implicated are phthalates, which make plastics more pliable in many cosmetics, toys, baby-feeding bottles and paints and can leak into water and food.
All previous studies suggesting these chemicals blunt the influence of the male hormone testosterone on healthy development of males have been in animals. “This research highlights the need for tougher controls of gender-bending chemicals,” says Gwynne Lyons, toxics adviser to the WWF, UK. Otherwise, “wildlife and baby boys will be the losers”.
The incriminating findings came from a study of 85 baby boys born to women exposed to everyday levels of phthalates during pregnancy. It was carried out by Shanna Swan at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York, US, and colleagues.
As an index of feminisation, she measured the “anogenital distance” (AGD) between the anus and to the base of the penis. She also measured the volume of each boy’s penis. Earlier studies have shown that the AGD is twice in boys what it is in girls, mainly because in boys the hormone testosterone extends the length of the perineum separating the anus from the testicles.
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Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1408163
Prenatal Phthalate Exposures and Anogenital Distance in Swedish Boys
Carl-Gustaf Bornehag,1 Fredrik Carlstedt,2 Bo AG. Jönsson,3 Christian H. Lindh,3 Tina K. Jensen,4 Anna Bodin,2 Carin Jonsson,2 Staffan Janson,1 and Shanna H. Swan5
Author Affiliations Close
1Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; 2County Council of Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden; 3Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; 4Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; 5Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Conclusions: These findings call into question the safety of substituting DiNP for DEHP in soft PVC, particularly because a shorter male AGD has been shown to relate to male genital birth defects in children and impaired reproductive function in adult males and the fact that human levels of DiNP are increasing globally.
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1976: Government admits forced sterilization of Indian Women
A study by the U.S. General Accounting Office finds that 4 of the 12 Indian Health Service regions sterilized 3,406 American Indian women without their permission between 1973 and 1976. The GAO finds that 36 women under age 21 had been forcibly sterilized during this period despite a court-ordered moratorium on sterilizations of women younger than 21.
Two years earlier, an independent study by Dr. Connie Pinkerton-Uri, Choctaw/Cherokee, found that one in four American Indian women had been sterilized without her consent. PInkerton-Uri’s research indicated that the Indian Health Service had “singled out full-blooded Indian women for sterilization procedures.”
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The Rockefeller Foundation is one of the largest of the general-purpose foundations. Its financial resources, however, represent only a small element in the total of private and public funds available for investment in health, nutrition, science, education
What's more the inquiry by researchers into developing "better vaccine fertilization methods" hasn't stopped.
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The WHO Task Force on Vaccines for Fertility Regulation. Its formation, objectives and research activities
P.D. Griffin
Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Abstract
Over the past 18 years, the WHO Task Force on Vaccines for Fertility Regulation has been supporting basic and clinical research on the development of birth control vaccines directed against the gametes or the preimplantation embryo. These studies have involved the use of advanced procedures in peptide chemistry, hybridoma technology and molecular genetics as well as the evaluation of a number of novel approaches in general vaccinology. As a result of this inter national, collaborative effort, a prototype anti-HCG vaccine is now undergoing clinical testing, raising the prospect that a totally new family planning method may be available before the end of the current decade.
Representing Users’ Bodies: The Gendered Development of Anti-Fertility Vaccines
Jessika van Kammen
University of Amsterdam
Abstract
This article is about the ways in which representations of users’ bodies mediate in the designers’ configuration of anti-fertility vaccines and their future users. Anti-fertility vaccines are a novel and not yet available method to regulate fertility. The researchers involved claim that anti-fertility vaccines can be developed for both men and women. But in the material and political specificities of the research contexts, representations of male bodies as users have disappeared, and most research involves the development of a method to be used by women. Anti-fertility vaccines therefore provide an opportunity to study when the sex of future users is deemed relevant by the researchers. This article explores how the fact that most anti-fertility vaccines are developed for female users can be explained without resorting to biological or cultural determinism. How much room for maneuver did the researchers have in defining the vaccines and their users?
The W.H.O. Expanded Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction
A. Kessler and C. C. Standley
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
Vol. 195, No. 1118, A Discussion on Contraceptives of the Future (Dec. 10, 1976), pp. 129-136
Published by: Royal Society
Stable URL: www.jstor.org...
Page Count: 8
Abstract
The World Health Organization Expanded Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction was established in 1972 to improve existing methods of fertility regulation, develop new methods and assist national authorities in devising the best ways of providing them on a continuing basis. Strengthening of national resources to carry out research in this field forms an important part of the programme. The programme is closely integrated with other W.H.O. research in human reproduction and in maternal and child health, and is closely linked with W.H.O.'s technical assistance programmes to governments. Research is being conducted by more than 650 scientists in 60 countries on a variety of methods that includes pills for women and men; injectables, again for both sexes; intra-uterine devices; vaginal rings; intracervical devices; rhythm methods; sterilization; termination of pregnancy; postcoital preparations; and birth control vaccines. The effectiveness, safety, acceptability and programme implications of these methods is being studied in populations of different constitutions and environments.
Male fertility regulation: recent advances*
G.M.H. WAITES'
Acceptable antifertility drugs for men are proving difficult to produce. Such drugs must aim to achieve complete azoospermia over a long period.
This requirement may be relaxed only if it can be shown that the residual sperm produced by men whose spermatogenesis has been suppressed by antifertility drugs to oligo-spermia are incapable of fertilizing ova.
Hormonal methods involving suppression of the secretion of gonadotrophin hormones by the pituitary gland invariably require androgen supplementation, and the use of steroids either alone or in combination requires careful monitoring for their side-effects.
A chemical (non-hormonal) approach involving the incapacitation of sperm in the epididymis has been shown to be feasible in animal studies using o-chlorohydrin and 6-chloro-6-deoxy sugars, although such compounds cannot be developed for human use because of their toxicity. Immunological approaches have the inherent problem of delivery of the antibody to the target.
While the search for new and safer chemical and hormonal approaches goes on, the recent evidence that vasectomy offers a safe surgical option leaves responsible men with some choice to add to the condom.
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originally posted by: Bedlam
You're exposed to soy more than any other xenoestrogen. And it's a really good one.
originally posted by: redshoes
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There is no actual scientific proof that an increase in xenoestrogen can produce lasting psychical effects in humans that are measurable.
originally posted by: redshoes
Despite the apparently thorough OP, I'm struggling to see what conclusion we are supposed to draw from this post?
originally posted by: redshoes
Are you suggesting that there is a world wide conspiracy by some un named elite to feminze male children as form of population growth?
originally posted by: redshoes
Is this because of the Aliens?
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2011 Mar; 3(1): 1–6.
Published online 2011 Feb 23. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.v3i1.01
PMCID: PMC3065309
Effects of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors on Pubertal Development
Samim Özencorresponding author1 and Şükran Darcan2
1 Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Mersin Children Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
2 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
Phone: +90 232 223 07 01, Fax: +90 324 223 07 22, Email: moc.liamg@nezomimas, Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Mersin Children Hospital, 33000, Guneykent, Toroslar, Mersin, Turkey
corresponding authorCorresponding author.
Abstract
The onset and course of puberty are under the control of the neuroendocrine system. Factors affecting the timing and regulation of the functions of this system may alter the onset and course of puberty. Several environmental endocrine disruptors (EDs) with significant influences on the normal course of puberty have been identified. Numerous animal and human studies concerning EDs have been conducted showing that these substances may extensively affect human health; nevertheless, there are still several issues that remain to be clarified. In this paper, the available evidence from animal and human studies on the effects of environmental EDs with the potential to cause precocious or delayed puberty was reviewed.
Conflict of interest:None declared.
Keywords: puberty, pubertal development, endocrine disruptors
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Int J Womens Health. 2010; 2: 153–166.
Published online 2010 Aug 9.
PMCID: PMC2971739
Estrogens of multiple classes and their role in mental health disease mechanisms
Cheryl S Watson,1 Rebecca A Alyea,1 Kathryn A Cunningham,2 and Yow-Jiun Jeng1
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Correspondence: Cheryl S Watson, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0645, USA, Tel +1 409-772-2382, Fax +1 409-772-2382, Email
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Estrogens, or the immediate downstream products that they induce, have long been known to alter reproductive behaviors. Prime examples are sexual receptivity and maternal behavior.1,2 However, estrogens can also modify nonreproductive behaviors and cellular responses including mood, affect, anxiety, fear, locomotor activity,3–5 tumor susceptibility,6 and vulnerability to addictive drugs.7 In some cases these estrogenic influences on behavior have been localized to specific brain areas. For example, estrogens alter locomotor activity via actions in the medial preoptic area,8 while anxiety and conditioned fear appear to be controlled by the amygdala,9 and developmental and tumor growth effects have been documented in the cerebellum.10 Each of these brain regions expresses both α and β subtypes of estrogen receptors (ERs),11 although their balance varies between locations. Other, more novel ER candidates found in multiple brain areas12–14 are also beginning to be examined.
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Life stage-specific, fluctuating levels of several physiological estrogens, and their relationship to diseases and vulnerabilities in women
There are major sex-based differences in diseases in which neurotransmitters, and their transporters and receptors, play a role. For example, depression is more prevalent in women,15 especially during periods of fluctuating estrogen levels.16,17 Diseases involving the dopamine transporter (DAT) such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Tourette’s, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), worsen in women after menopause,18 or are different in premenopausal versus postmenopausal females,19–25 suggesting a protective effect of estrogens, or altered vulnerabilities. Receptors and transporters for other catecholamines [notably the serotonin transporter (SERT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET)] may also be involved in these sex-biased diseases.26–28
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originally posted by: redshoes
That said, by comparison to estrogen, they are much much weaker and it would take massive dosses to have any detrimental effect, and even then, they can only connect to the receptors that are available...
Development of Immunological methods of fertility regulation
A new approach to fertility regulation is the development of vaccines directed against human substances required for reproduction. Potential candidates for immunological interference include reproductive hormones, ovum and sperm antigens, and antigens derived from embryonic or fetal tissue.(…). An antifertility vaccine must be capable of safely and effectively inhibiting a human substance, which would need somehow to be rendered antigenic. A fertility-regulating vaccine, moreover, would have to produce and sustain effective immunity in at least 95% of the vaccinated population, a level of protection rarely achieved even with the most successful viral and bacterial vaccines. But while these challenges looked insuperable just a few years ago, recent advances in biotechnology- particularly in the fields of molecular biology, genetic engineering and monoclonal antibody production- are bringing antifertility vaccines into the realm of the feasible.
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originally posted by: BASSPLYR
a reply to: Bedlam
Bedlams right.
My best friend has 100 head of charaloise and one time when hanging out at his farm we were in a conversation about how much acreage of pasture grass it would take to feed them.
originally posted by: charolais
originally posted by: BASSPLYR
a reply to: Bedlam
Bedlams right.
My best friend has 100 head of charaloise and one time when hanging out at his farm we were in a conversation about how much acreage of pasture grass it would take to feed them.
Did someone call my name
My GF actually works in a research lab studying estrogen disruptors on mice, I'll share this with her.