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Volcanic winter and cooling The apparent coincidence of the eruption with the onset of the last glacial period attracted the scientists' interest. Michael L. Rampino and Stephen Self argued that the eruption caused a "brief, dramatic cooling or 'volcanic winter'", which resulted in a global mean surface temperature drop of 3–5°C and accelerated the glacial transition from warm to cold temperatures of the last glacial cycle.[11] Zielinski showed Greenland ice core evidence for a 1,000-year cool period with low δ18O and increased dust deposition immediately following the eruption. He further suggested that this 1,000-year cool period (stadial) could have been caused by the eruption, and that the longevity of the Toba stratospheric loading may account at least for the first two centuries of the cooling episode.[12] Rampino and Self believe that global cooling was already underway at the time of the eruption, but the procedure was extremely slow; YTT "may have provided the extra 'kick' that caused the climate system to switch from warm to cold states."[13] Oppenheimer discounts the arguments that the eruption triggered the last glaciation,[14] but he accepts that it may have been responsible for a millennium of cool climate prior to the Dansgaard-Oeschger event 19.[15] According to Alan Robock,[16] the Toba incident did not initiate an ice age. Using an emission of 6,000 million tons of sulfur dioxide, his simulations demonstrated a maximum global cooling of around 15 °C, approximately 3 years after the eruption. As the saturated adiabatic lapse rate is 4.9 °C/ 1,000 m for temperatures above freezing,[17] this means that the tree line and the snow line were around 3,000 m (9,000 ft) lower at this time. Nevertheless, the climate recovered over a few decades. Robock found no evidence that the 1,000-year cold period seen in Greenland ice core records was directly generated by the Toba eruption. Nevertheless, he argues that the volcanic winter would have been colder and longer-lasting than Ambrose assumed, which strengthens his argument for a genetic bottleneck. Contrary to Robock, Oppenheimer believes that estimates of a surface temperature drop of 3–5°C after the eruption are probably too high; a figure closer to 1°C appears more realistic.[18] Robock criticized Oppenheimer's analysis, arguing that it is based on simplistic T-forcing relationships.[19] Despite the different approaches and estimates, scientists agree that a supereruption like the one at Lake Toba must have led to very extensive ash-fall layers and injection of noxious gases into the atmosphere, having severe worldwide effects on climate and weather.[20] Additionally, the Greenland ice core data display an abrupt climate change around this time,[21] but there is no consensus that the eruption directly generated the 1,000-year cold period seen in Greenland or triggered the last glaciation.
Toba in Sumatra a candidate for super volcano in 2012 The devastating Tusnami was precursor to what is coming in 2012. Toba in Sumatra can explode 100 times more violently than what happened 74,000 years back. The last super-volcano to erupt was Toba 74,000 years ago in Sumatra. Ten thousand times bigger than Mt St Helens, it created a global catastrophe dramatically affecting life on Earth. Scientists now find through extrapolation cycle study that the 74,000 years back super volcano in Toba, Sumatra was the warm up for what may be coming in 2012. Around Toba, increasing harmonic tremors have started after the Tsunami two years back.
Originally posted by TrueAmerican
reply to post by PuterMan
lol PM, second time you've mentioned these videos, and I'm not sure which ones you're talking about? How about a link?
You talking about these?
www.abovetopsecret.com...
Originally posted by TrueAmerican
reply to post by PuterMan
lol PM, second time you've mentioned these videos, and I'm not sure which ones you're talking about? How about a link?
You talking about these?
www.abovetopsecret.com...
Geology The Toba caldera Caldera A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption such as the ones at Yellowstone National Park in the US and Glen Coe in Scotland. They are sometimes confused with volcanic craters. The word comes from Spanish caldera, and this from... complex in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia consists of four overlapping volcanic craters that adjoin the Sumatran "volcanic front". The youngest and fourth caldera is the world's largest Quaternary caldera (100 by 30 kilometre Kilometre The kilometre , symbol km is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousand metres and is therefore exactly equal to the distance travelled by light in free space in of a second... s) and intersects the three older calderas. An estimate of 2,800 km³ of dense-rock equivalent Dense-rock equivalent Dense-rock equivalent is a volcanologic calculation used to estimate volcanic eruption volume. One of the widely accepted measures of the size of a historic or prehistoric eruption is the volume of magma ejected as pumice and volcanic ash, known as tephra during an explosive phase of the eruption,... pyroclastic material, known the Youngest Toba tuff, was blasted from the youngest caldera during one of the largest single explosive volcanic eruptions in geologic history. Following the "Youngest Toba tuff eruption", a typical resurgent dome formed within the new caldera, joining two half-domes separated by a longitudinal graben Graben In geology, a graben is a depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. Graben is German for ditch. Graben is used for both the singular and plural.... . There are at least four cones, four stratovolcano Stratovolcano A stratovolcano, sometimes called a composite volcano, is a tall, conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions... es and three craters visible in the lake. The Tandukbenua cone on the NW edge of the caldera is relatively lacking in vegetation, suggesting a young age of only several hundred years. Also, the Pusubukit volcano on the south edge of the caldera is solfatarically active.
Targets & Aims * Determination of crustal velocity structure around Lake Toba (incl. Sumatra Fault) and possibly between Nias Island and the coast using British air-gun sources (Pg and Pn phases). This will be the northern extension of the British study area * Using local volcano-related events to study Lake Toba caldera + its relation to Sumatra Fault * Supplying recordings of regional and teleseismic events recorded in our network to British partners for joint interpretatio * Pre-study for potential future (on-land) controlled source study of Lake Toba and Sumatra Fault, the large on-land fault near Lake Toba * Pre-study for potential future volcano-seismic study on Lake Toba Methods * wide-angle seismic interpretation, controlled source seismic tomography * localisation of volcano-related earthquakes
MAG UTC DATE-TIME y/m/d h:m:s LAT deg LON deg DEPTH km Region MAP 4.9 2011/06/18 11:57:59 1.843 99.108 12.8 NORTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA MAP 5.6 2011/06/14 03:01:29 1.830 99.127 22.0 NORTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA MAP 5.3 2011/06/14 00:08:33 1.826 99.082 22.6 NORTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA
MAP 6.6 2011/09/05 17:55:14 2.973 97.997 110.1 NORTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA