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The native Taino Amerindians - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when it was discovered by COLUMBUS in 1492 - were virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but only through the heavy importation of African slaves and considerable environmental degradation. In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint L'OUVERTURE. After a prolonged struggle, Haiti became the first black republic to declare independence in 1804. The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has been plagued by political violence for most of its history. After an armed rebellion led to the forced resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE in February 2004, an interim government took office to organize new elections under the auspices of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Continued violence and technical delays prompted repeated postponements
TextFor Haiti, this debt did not signify the beginning of freedom, but the end of hope. Even after it was reduced to 60m francs in the 1830s, it was still far more than the war-ravaged country could afford. Haiti was the only country in which the ex-slaves themselves were expected to pay a foreign government for their liberty. By 1900, it was spending 80% of its national budget on repayments. In order to manage the original reparations, further loans were taken out — mostly from the United States, Germany and France. Instead of developing its potential, this deformed state produced a parade of nefarious leaders, most of whom gave up the insurmountable task of trying to fix the country and looted it instead. In 1947, Haiti finally paid off the original reparations, plus interest. Doing so left it destitute, corrupt, disastrously lacking in investment and politically volatile. Haiti was trapped in a downward spiral, from which it is still impossible to escape. It remains hopelessly in debt to this day.
In 1967, American-owned plantations in the Dominican Republic paid Papa Doc directly for rounding up 20,000 Haitians to work on their lands. In 1972, his son and heir, Baby Doc’s minister of the interior, was exposed for literally selling Haitian blood to private American hospitals: $3 a litre, no questions asked. During the Duvaliers’ combined 28 years in power, up to 60,000 Haitians were “disappeared” by the regime. The Duvaliers swindled international creditors and aid agencies for enormous sums. The American government, via various agencies and banks, lent millions to both dictators. Though there was anger in Washington about the Duvaliers and their 80% rate of aid embezzlement, no action was taken to remove them until 1986. The Duvaliers were always happy to sign up to new loans, and to give lucrative contracts to American corporations. Most of the projects went nowhere. Haiti is littered with half-built and abandoned schools, hospitals, bridges and roads. Most of the money lent to the Duvaliers found its way into private bank accounts. When Baby Doc fled, he took millions with him: estimates go as high as $900m. The debts incurred by the Duvaliers make up 45% of Haiti’s total current debt. None of the creditors finds the fact of their complicity a compelling argument for cancellation. Those creditors include the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the IMF and the governments of the US and France. Debt relief is at the discretion of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, run by the World Bank and the IMF. Haiti must meet certain conditions, including poverty reduction and inflation controls, before any debt can be written off. By international standards, the sums are small, but for Haiti they are enormous. The World Bank alone demands an estimated $1.6m a month.
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Natural resources: bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower Natural hazards: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts Environment current issues: extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; inadequate supplies of potable water
GDP: $11.38 billion (2007 est.) GDP growth rate: 2% GDP per capita: $1,700 GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 28% industry: 20% services: 52% Inflation rate: 15.7% Labor force: 3.6 million note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 66% industry: 9% services: 25% Unemployment: widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs Budget: revenues: $400 million expenditures: $600.8 million
Originally posted by Kailassa
Thank you for putting this together.
It's a history lesson I was looking for.
Seems like the plight of Haiti is caused by the past and ongoing greed of other nations, combined with the complicity of the corrupt few.
Gotta keep the natives down you know, if they're sitting on resources we want.
Originally posted by searching4truth
GDP: $11.38 billion (2007 est.) GDP growth rate: 2% GDP per capita: $1,700 GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 28% industry: 20% services: 52% Inflation rate: 15.7% Labor force: 3.6 million note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 66% industry: 9% services: 25% Unemployment: widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs Budget: revenues: $400 million expenditures: $600.8 million
As you can see, Haiti was in crisis long before this earthquake, which has exponentially worsened the situation, however, the culprit is not "the devil" so much as it the outcome of colonization and exploitation, results of a greedy humanity, not a pact with the dark lord.
[edit on 16-1-2010 by searching4truth]
[edit on 16-1-2010 by searching4truth]
Originally posted by Iamonlyhuman
Correct!!! I'm glad you wrote this, I was beginning to write a thread along these very lines. I must say that if this earthquake was man-made as some threads have posited, then it has definitely backfired. I never would have been aware of this situation and this history if it had not happened - and I'm really pissed about it too. If everyone becomes aware of this horrible, greedy rape maybe something can be done about it. Exposure is what this needs. Perhaps the beginning of a silver lining on the situation. I don't know, but hope so.
crooksandliars.com...
Update: mgfarrelly points out another thing I didn't know—the U.S. Congress is currently considering a bill called The Jubilee Act for Responsible Lending and Expanded Debt Cancellation. Part of what this bill would do is help countries like Haiti get their debt canceled, without making that cancellation conditional on things like closing down free schools or raising the cost of fresh water. May be a good time to contact your representatives about about this bi-partisan measure.
Now, in its attempts to help Haiti, the IMF is pursuing the same kinds of policies that made Haiti a geography of precariousness even before the quake. To great fanfare, the IMF announced a new $100 million loan to Haiti on Thursday. In one crucial way, the loan is a good thing; Haiti is in dire straits and needs a massive cash infusion. But the new loan was made through the IMF's extended credit facility, to which Haiti already has $165 million in debt. Debt relief activists tell me that these loans came with conditions, including raising prices for electricity, refusing pay increases to all public employees except those making minimum wage and keeping inflation low. They say that the new loans would impose these same conditions. In other words, in the face of this latest tragedy, the IMF is still using crisis and debt as leverage to compel neoliberal reforms.
"These are the best results I've ever seen," says Laskowski. "I don't think there's a question of whether there's a good deposit here. It's a question of whether we can develop it here in Haiti."