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"Separation of church and state" is a phrase used by Thomas Jefferson and others expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Since the First Amendment clearly places the restrictions solely on the state, some argue a more correct phrase would be the "separation of state FROM church". Either way, the "separation" phrase has since been repeatedly used by the Supreme Court of the United States.
While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the oath, the oath is typically administered by the Chief Justice, but sometimes by another federal or state judge (George Washington was first sworn in by Robert Livingston, the chancellor of the State of New York in 1789, while Calvin Coolidge was first sworn in by his father, a Justice of the Peace and a Vermont notary public in 1923). By convention, incoming Presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office.
Each justice or judge of the United States shall take the following oath or affirmation before performing the duties of his office: “I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as ___ under the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God.”
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.”
Colonial and state legislatures also created oaths that required members to swear allegiance to the state and often profess a belief in God as well.
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According to Title 28, Chapter I, Part 453 of the United States Code, each Supreme Court Justice takes the following oath:
"I, [NAME], do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as [TITLE] under the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God.'
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed...
Controversy over the separation of church and state sometimes clouds this final phrase; nevertheless, it is the most important one in the oath. Our actions have moral and, for those who believe in a Supreme Being, even religious implications. Sometimes military officers seem hesitant to embrace their religion publicly or acknowledge the significance of divine guidance.37 However, American history is replete with examples of public appeals to a higher being for guidance and protection.
The Declaration of Independence includes an appeal “to the Supreme Judge of the world”, and, although the Constitution does not include the phrase so help me God in the president’s oath, Washington added those words when he took the first oath.38 President Lincoln openly addressed the concept of divine guidance in the Gettysburg address: “This nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.” When the pledge of allegiance added the phrase “under God” in 1953, President Dwight Eisenhower commented, “In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America’s heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country’s most powerful resource in peace and war.”
If any ceremony involving an oath swears on a Bible or just simply includes the word supreme being, higher power or God then it automatically becomes a marriage of church and state, not a separation.
Since the First Amendment clearly places the restrictions solely on the state, some argue a more correct phrase would be the "separation of state FROM church".
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
The conclusions and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author cultivated in the ***freedom of expression***, academic environment of Air University. They do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, the United States Air Force or the Air University.
originally posted by: schuyler
Actually the "separation of church & state" doctrine dates back to 1947 in a 5-4 Supreme Court decision that simply used Thomas Jefferson's writings to "confirm" what the "Founding Fathers" meant by the first amendment. If you look at the wording of the first amendment itself, it says nothing about separation. It just says that the Federal Government should keep its hands off religion. The idea was that no one wanted another official "Church of England" situation where the government dictated what religion you could be.
originally posted by: Annee
I always say Separation of Church and State has been established by court cases won.
Legal precedence has defined it.
originally posted by: schuyler
originally posted by: Annee
I always say Separation of Church and State has been established by court cases won.
Legal precedence has defined it.
You mean legal precedence has CHANGED it.
Look how it has been changed. Originally the First amendment prevented the government from "prohibiting the free exercise thereof" i.e.: of religion. It has now been "defined" into its exact opposite. Now government CAN "prohibit the free exercise thereof." And all this is because someone found a letter Thomas Jefferson had written many years later to some Baptists who were angry at some Congregationalists basically because the Baptists were vastly outnumbered.
originally posted by: rukia
a reply to: Annee
Legal precedent isn't the basis for the establishment of that. Court cases are won all of the time that are not virtuous. If anything, legal precedent merely upholds it or challenges it. But its origins are historical in nature and are a direct reflection of our neoclassical foundations and our unalienable rights. And legal precedence cannot define separation between church & state because the judicial system is one of three branches of government. To argue that legal precedence can have that kind of weight is to deny the balance of powers.
originally posted by: rukia
And legal precedence cannot define separation between church & state because the judicial system is one of three branches of government. To argue that legal precedence can have that kind of weight is to deny the balance of powers.
originally posted by: intrptr
a reply to: soulpowertothendegree
Since the First Amendment clearly places the restrictions solely on the state, some argue a more correct phrase would be the "separation of state FROM church".
There it is. Why the founding Fathers split Europe, to get away from the marriage of church and state. The King and Pope hand in hand, ruling through vanity and ignorance.
Inquisition anyone? How about a charge of Heresy?
originally posted by: Annee
There is more then just Thomas Jefferson.
If you look at the wording of the first amendment itself, it says nothing about separation. It just says that the Federal Government should keep its hands off religion. The idea was that no one wanted another official "Church of England" situation where the government dictated what religion you could be.
They knew first hand how it felt to have a religion excluded and they sought a system where every religion could have a say if it was followed by people that sought to have a say.